* 1789 George Washington Inaugural Buttons *
State Militia Section

This Section is A Work in-Progress. If the buttons description is not in Blue/ Red then is considered Frame Work only.
 

~ State Militia Units ~
 

       Even though the Militia existed in the colonies before the battle of Lexington & Concord, I think it best to begin after 1789 when George Washington was elected President and the new US government formed under the Constitution. The first use of a semi federal-army was in 1794, when George Washington raised and led 13,000 state militia to quell the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. The experience of unifying and leading a citizen based state militia system demonstrated to Washington that our country in time of war would have a major weakness compared to other countries who would have a well trained and disciplined army. The various state militia units were only a loose knit affiliation of citizens that lacked the necessary military discipline. Another major problem was the inadequate field training for officers and engineers. In a letter to General Alexander Hamilton he writes," The establishment of a military academy upon a respectable and extensive basis has ever been considered by me as an object of primary importance to this country; and while I was in the chair of government, I omitted no proper opportunity of recommending it to my public speeches, and otherwise to the attention of the legislature."
       Being mindful of the country lacking a strong unified military army, President Washington repeatedly warned Congress of these military short-comings throughout his administration and up until his death in 1799. Finally, in 1802, the federal military academy at West Point was established. This was the answer to the United States problem of relying on a state based militia system and relying on foreign mercenaries for protection.  In the beginning, there was a lack of appropriate funds by Congress for it's military personal. Federal soldiers were given rations and were very limited on military equipment. On the other hand, state's militia units were more properly outfitted, and were given very generous private donations. Unfortunately, money doesn't buy experience, discipline or training. I would have to personally say they were ceremonial in nature. Most of these units were run by egocentrically rich citizens who presumed un-earned ranks of officers. It wasn't until the war of 1812, when the various state's militia units were overcome by British regulars that the US Congress came to realize the real consequences of Washington's warning about the use of state based citizen militia units. After the War of 1812, Congress increased it's military budgets drastically, and from this point on a Federal Standing Army was deemed better for the national defense. State's militia units continued service by maintaining public order, but were primarily used in slave holding states where there principle duties was to round up run away slaves. In the years of peace between the War of 1812 and the Civil War, but the state militia's fell into a "name only" ceremonial-parade marching units at best. They lacked any real war skills, field training, or anything that resembled adequate combat training. Local communities militia had never even drilled together as a larger regiment. By the time the Civil War came around, the US Army only consisted of a paltry 16,000 men, and both sides equally rushed to prepare. Following the Confederate Army taking Fort Sumter in 1861, President Lincoln called up the states militia to re-take the Federal seized property and found that the states militia was far inadequate for the task. He writes, "…strength was far short of what the Congressional Statute provided and required." By the summer of 1861, military camps started to crop up and circle around Washington, D.C. They composed of new three year enlistment of Army Volunteers, and 90 day State Militia Units. The generals that Lincoln placed in charge of these men were simple inexperienced civilians who have never handled large bodies of men, and they lacked military combat training. There granted positions lacked military discipline, and they had a less understanding of the importance of discipline for war. This is why i choose to honor the Ancient & Honourable Artillery Button on my home page. It is a prime example of how an Ancient Militia was a well known fighting unit for over two hundred years, and then turned ceremonial over time. By the time the Civil War came around they were only recognized by their former reputation. ~ We honor those men who gave of themselves, and appreciate their sacrifices to have the Liberties and Freedoms we enjoy today as U.S. Citizens. God Bless America. ~ Robert Silverstein.

Robert's Notes: Most states usually gave their militia free reign in choosing their buttons and accoutrements for their uniforms. A lot of Militia Units choose patterns that had their own state's coat of arms, but the units without the resources to have their own dies cut, had the option of asking the garment maker to request manufacturer supplied "federal type specimens" with motifs similar to those U.S. Army Buttons issued between 1800 to 1825.

Yes Robert I would have to agree with your assessment of general service patriotic eagle designs. Remember that local militia units of this period were loosely organized following state and federal regulations, but were locally recruited and financed, they followed the regulations that they wanted to follow and there would have been lots of vendors offering supplies, and they pretty much made their own buying decisions. They bought uniforms from various garment makers, the garment makers bought buttons, sometimes specified, sometimes generic, these buttons you asked about could have been sold to other units and other states. The star count on most of these early buttons is artistic, whatever the artist thought would do. If a star count is not 13, it probably is artistic and not symbolic.- Harry Ridgeway

Robert's Collector's note on Federal General Service & State Militia Federal Style Buttons: From my understanding, the Federal government regulated, and governed the designs and dimensions for buttons manufactured to be used by the US Army. Manufacturers were awarded the contracts, and furnished these Federal specimens. Either two things happened at this point. 1) After a time, the Federal Government could have let contracts go in way of new designs and patterns; or the manufacturers were held under no restrictions to sell these Federal Style buttons to other interested parties. In the early 19th Century, there was a lot of garment makers who would receive contracts by the various state militia units for uniforms. If a die wasn't created for a specific unit's button, the garment maker would supply these Federal Type buttons. Usually, under a sub-contract they would get these from the original button manufacturer who produced them under federal contract. As part of the sub-contract, the garment makers would request the manufacturer to have their name over stamp the manufacturers on the reverse.









 

1808-20's Militia Rifles

Color: A Coppery Brown with White Encrustations.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Brass
Size: 14.5mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted Die Variant:         RV 100
Variation: Spread-Wing Eagle facing Right / Hunting Horn Pointing Toward the Left / Federal Eagle.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is an early rifleman button that would have been supplied by the garment maker when the uniforms where ordered by state militia units. There appears to be only one die variant known to date with the hunting horn facing left. I believe the buttons with a blank back mark could have been possibly made in South Carolina, before the war. There are some higher quality similar patterns with stars in the field and have Double Gilt back marks, but I believe they were made by an English manufacturer. The button's pattern depicts a Spread-Wing Eagle facing Right, while standing on a Hunting Horn pointing toward the Left. The eagle depicted in this pattern is more of a modern style Federal Eagle. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a flat edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark.

Dug in South Carolina.~
The Bill Cross Collection.




 

1808-25 Militia Rifles

Color: Silver and Browns.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass?
Size: 18mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted:                   RV 100
Variation: Hunting Horn / Seven Stars / Goose Neck.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button was most likely used by the early southern militia rifle units. This button was most likely made by an English manufacturer, because of the double gilt back mark. There are two die variants with this pattern that I know of, but there are possibly more. This button was most likely ordered by the garment makers to place on the uniforms for the militia units that placed orders and wanted a Federal Type. Several buttons with this pattern have been found in various states like, South Carolina, Georgia, and even Florida. There are two die variants I know of, but there could be possibly more. The only major difference in the two patterns is the eagle depicted. This button's pattern depicts a droop wing eagle facing left, while standing on a Hunting Horn that is pointing toward the right. The eagle depicted in this pattern is more of an old style, with the long thin Goose Neck. There are Seven Stars surrounding. The high relief pattern is on a plain flat field with no edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Double Gilt rm.


William, I received a submission of two early 1-piece 1800's Militia Rifles buttons today, but having a tough time swallowing the location of the dig site. Digger claims Texas, but with my knowledge, I was thinking Georgia, possibly South Carolina. Can you offer any guidance?

Robert, there is no reference for them....not in Albert's or Tice's as you have likely discovered (though, you might want to check the addendum in Albert's to be sure...I don't know what is in there by heart.
For accuracy sake, I would urge some skepticism with the Texas find location....make certain of it. Were they LA finds, I could buy in, but not buying in that there was any post in Texas as early as these buttons (that said of course, anything can be found anywhere for a variety of reasons....just wondering about the accuracy of the report).
With helpful intent, only, Yes. The examples that I have seen have come primarily from SC, but also a couple from FL....hence, GA makes sense. Coastal, if you are a betting man! Be well...off to the Franklin Show, shortly. William Leigh.
 

1808-25 Militia Rifles

Color: Silver and Browns.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass?
Size: 17mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted: RV 100
Variation: Hunting Horn / Seven Stars / Fuller Body.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the second known pattern that was used by southern militia rifle units. This button was also most likely made by an English manufacturer. There are two die variants with this pattern, but there could be possibly more. This button was most likely ordered by the garment makers from the manufacturers to place on the uniforms for the militia units that placed orders, and wanted a Federal Style Button. Several buttons with this pattern have been found in various states like, South Carolina, Georgia, and even Florida. There are two die variants I know of, but there could be possibly more. The only major difference in the two patterns is the eagle depicted. The button's pattern depicts a droop wing eagle facing left, while standing on a Hunting Horn pointing toward the right. The eagle depicted in this pattern is more of a newer style with a Fuller Body. There are Seven Stars surrounding. The high relief pattern is on a plain flat field with no edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Double Gilt rm.









 

1808-25 Militia Riflemen

Color: An Ochre of Greens, Browns & Yellow.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Engraved Design, Sheffield Silver.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted Variant:                     RV 175
Variation: Hunting Horn / Corded Bow / Two Cord Tassels.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong Engraved Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This rare cuff button was manufactured in England, and most likely made for an officer in the Militia Rifles. England manufactured several militia rifle patterns over the next 25 years, so there are few known patterns in the market, but they are all exceedingly rare. To my knowledge, several similar patterns have been found in various southern states, such as, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. The button's pattern depicts a decorative Hunting Horn pointing toward the right. The corded sling has a big Decorative Bow ties at the top, with Two Cord Tassels hanging below. The engraved design is on a plain flat field with thing edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with an Omega style loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. LONDON

The RJ Silverstein Collection.
* Several English Reproductions were made in a White Metal.






 

1808-25 Militia Infantry Officer's Button

Color: Silver with Green Encrustations.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 53R2-F or GI 53R6-F: RV 45
Variation: Head Tilted Up / Round Lined Field / Wide Edge Border.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This series was originally manufactured by Armitage, and was intended for Federal Government Infantry officers. It was manufactured in large quantities, and some of the stock was boughten by W.Wallace at some point. Wallace most likely had Armitage over stamp their back mark with his name on the reverse. Understanding what I have learned about early button sub-contracts, Wallace most likely bought Armitage's extra stock so they could supply these federal type specimens on the uniforms purchased by state militia units. Just a reasonable conjecture; My reasoning is the uniforms themselves were Wallace's main contract. This button's pattern depicts a standing eagle with upraised wings facing right. In this die variant, the eagle's Head is Tilted Up, and away from the top of the wing. Under the eagle's left wing is a large blank unstamped shield. The high relief pattern is set on a flat Lined Field, that is within a round picture frame that has an angled Wide Edge Border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Armitage overstamp> W.WALLACE EXTRA TREBLE dm within 2 ring dm.

Picture Courteous of Jim Dews.
 

1830-40's State Militia Infantry Units - Federal Style General Service Button

Color: An Olive Brown With Yellow Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 23mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 56:               RV 25
Variation: Droop Wing Eagle / Lined Federal Shield.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This English manufactured button in the 1820-30's, and could have been used by any state's militia unit in the 1830-40's. This button's pattern depicts a Droop Wing Eagle facing right, while standing upon a grassy mound. Under the eagle's left wing is a Lined Federal Shield. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field that is within a round picture frame flat border. During this era, most states allowed their militia to have freedom in choosing their uniforms, accouterments, and buttons. This is the harder general service button to acquire for collectors. Shank specimens are a bit more rarer.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a copper loop shank. The shank is missing. BEST PLATED in old english script letters / LONDON dm inner single ring.

The Picture is Courteous of H. Ridgeway.
 

1830-40's State Militia Infantry Units

Color: A Golden Brass.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 21.86mm. Coat Button
Albert's Number: GI 57:                   RV 20
Variation: Eagle with Upraised Wings / Lined Federal Shield / 13 Six-Pointed Stars.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is another English manufactured general service button that was made in the early 1820 and 1830's. This federal type button would have been supplied by English manufacturers for the garment makers who received orders for militia uniforms. Being the button was manufactured in Gilt Brass could indicate that it was intended for state militia officers.  This button's pattern depicts an Eagle with Upraised Wings facing right, while standing upon a grassy mound. Under the eagle's left wing is a Lined Federal Shield. Circling around the eagle is 13 Six-Pointed Stars. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field, that is within a round picture frame with a wide edge border. Collectors seek the harder to find specimens in which the breast feathers and shield is not worn flat.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a copper loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Old English> TREBLE GILT /LONDON 2 inner dm rings around the shank.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.
 

1820-40 Militia Infantry

Color: Bright Cyan Silver.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Pewter.
Size: 13mm. Cuff Size.
Albert's Number: GI 58-Unlisted Size Variant:      RV 20
Variation: Seven Stars Above & Six Stars Below / Small Shield.
Isabela's Notes:
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a brass shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Blank back mark.

Stephen Burgess Collection.










 

1830-40's State Militia Infantry Units - Federal Style General Service Button

Color: A Coppery Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 59-A:                   RV 10
Variation: Lined Federal Shield / 7 Asterisk Type Six-Pointed Stars / 6 Asterisk Type Six-Point Stars.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Several manufacturers made this button, and could have been used by any of the state's militia infantry units during the 1830-40's. The button's pattern depicts a Federal Style Eagle facing right, while standing on a grass mound. Under the eagle's left wing is a Lined Federal Shield. Arched above the eagle is 7 Asterisk Type Six-Pointed Stars, and arched below is another 6 Asterisk Type Stars. The button's high relief pattern is set on a lined field that has a plain flat oval picture frame border with an outside decorative rope edge. This is a common militia button found in the market place, but the key is to obtain one with the breast & wing feathers intact with detail. Uniform suppliers would have sewn buttons like this onto the garments if a militia unit didn't specifically order a unit pattern.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece flat button with a wire copper loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. EXTRA STRONG PLATED dm inner ring/ sunburst pattern around shank

The RJ Silverstein Collection.







 

1830-40's Federal Style General Service Button Used By State Militia Infantry Units

Color: A Tarnished Brass Patina.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 61-A:              RV 10
Variation: Federal Eagle / Federal Shield with Eight Stars / Four Stripes / 16 Six Point Stars.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Even though this back mark dates early 1830's, this button's pattern could have been used by any state's militia through the 1840's. This high relief pattern is set upon a lined oval field with a wide border and roped edge. The button depicts a Federal Style Eagle facing right while standing upon a grass mound. Under the eagle's left wing is a Federal shield with Eight Stars in the top half, and Four Stripes in the lower half. Circling around the eagle is 16 Six-Point Stars. The high relief pattern is set within an oval picture frame lined field. During this era, most states allowed their militia to have considerable freedom in choosing their accouterments and buttons. This is a common militia button found in the market place, but the key is to obtain one with the breast & wing feathers intact with detail.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a wire copper shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. rm IMPERIAL * STANDARD * set in a depressed channel.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.







 

1820's Militia Infantry Officer's Button (General Use)

Color: Tarnished Silver.
Metal: 1-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 65:                   RV 15
Tice's Number: GM135A.1
Variation: Spread Eagle Facing Left / Unmarked Spade Shape Shield / Long Stem Olive Branch / Three Spread Arrows.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button was manufactured by A.M Peasley around 1835 for the state's militia officers. This button's pattern depicts a Spread Eagle Facing Left. There is a slightly slanted Unmarked Spade Shape Shield emblazoned on it's chest. In the eagle's left talon is a Long Stem Olive Branch with seven petals and one berry. I the eagle's right talon is a small bundle of Three Spread Arrows pointing upward. The high relief pattern is set on a Plain convex field.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. *****STRONG.PLATED*****






 

1820's Militia Infantry Officer's Button (General Use)

Color: Darkened Brass.
Metal: 1-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 20mm. Cot Size
Albert's Number: GI 65-B:           RV 12
Tice's Number: GM135A.1
Variation: Unmarked Shield / Olive Branch with Six Petals & Three Berries / Long Tail Wide / Three Close Spaced Arrows.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a spread eagle with upraised wings facing left. On the eagle's chest is a large Un-Marked Shield with a raised outline border. This particular die variant depicts the eagle with a Long Wide Tail. In the eagle's left talon is a short stem Olive Branch with Six Petals and Three Berries. In it's right talon is a small bundle of Three Close Spaced Arrows pointing upward and to the right. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. ******** rm of two rope rings.








 

1820's-30's Militia Infantry Units - Federal Style General Service Button

Color: A Brass Dark Gilt.
Metal: 1-Piece, High Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 21mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 66 A:                RV 15
Tice's Number: GM138
Variation: Spread-Wing Eagle / Three Large Arrows / Olive Branch with Five Petals and Two Berries.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern uses the federal style eagle motif, but without a shield or unit designation. There are two die variants with this pattern. One produced in the U.S. by Richard Robinson of Attleborough, Massachusetts in the 1820's; and the other was of English manufacture during the 1830's. The button depicts a federal style Spread-Wing Eagle facing right. In it's left talon is a bundle of Three Large Arrows. In it's right talon is a short stem Olive Branch with Five Petals and Two Berries. The raised pattern is set on a plain convex field with no edge border. This button would have been available to any state militia unit during the late 1820's to the around 1840. This is a favorite for state militia button collectors.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a copper loop shank. The shank is original straight, and intact. rm * TREBLE * GILT . * R. R . within a channel of 2 rm rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.










 

1830-40's State Militia Infantry Units - Federal Style General Service Button

Color: A Golden Auburn.
Metal: 1-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Silvered Copper.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 67 A:                RV 10
Variation: Bundle of Three Arrows / Short Stem 7 petal Olive Branch / Seventeen Five Pointed Stars / No Shield.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This button's pattern uses the same pattern that Robinson used in the 1820's, but added stars circling around the eagle on the outer periphery. The button's pattern depicts a federal style spread-wing eagle facing right. Clutched in the eagle's left talon is a Bundle of Three Arrows pointing leftward. In it's right claw is a Short Stem 7 petal Olive Branch. Circling around the eagle is 17 Five-Pointed Stars. This is an excellent Specimen of a "manufactured supplied" federal eagle style button. This would have been sewn on any state's militia uniform that didn't have it's own pattern during the 1830-40's. At this point, I do not believe there would be a quality difference between the English and American manufactures; but a side by side comparison does show the English's die variant to be more fuller in the olive branch, and the arrows have thicker shafts. When collectors look for a specimen, the key is to make sure the breast and wing feathers aren't worn flat.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a copper loop shank. The shank is original straight, and intact. rm LONDON. BEST QUALITY. within a channel of 2 rm rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.












 

1808-30's Artillery General Use for Federal or State Militia Units

Color: A Coppery-Brown Gilt.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 23mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 51-B: Unlisted Variant      RV 10
Variation: Ringed Cannon with A Ribbed Breech / Five Decorative Carriage Bolts / Cannon Sits on a Higher Ground.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This federal style button was manufactured in England, and could have been used by either the federal, or state militia artillery units. Albert only lists two die variants, one with a cannon on higher ground, the other with a cannon on lower ground. After studying this series for some time, I found there are several manufacturers with their own unique variations of the eagle depicted, as well as the style cannon, and also the placement on the ground. The button's pattern above depicts a calling eagle with upraised wings facing right. The eagle is standing on a Ringed Cannon with a Ribbed Breech. The cannon has a short carriage which only extends to the back of the wheel. There are Five Decorative Carriage Bolts in this pattern. The carriage's wheel is round with eight spokes. The Cannon Sits on a Higher Ground in a field of grass. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field that is within in a wide plain picture frame border with a rope edge. This pattern was also made in a smaller size which was used as an officer's epaulette during the War of 1812.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original and intact, but slightly bent over. TREBLE GILT * STRANDd.. .COLOUR* within a CHANNEL OF 2 dm rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.









 

1808-30's Artillery General Use for Federal or State Militia Units

Color: Black Speckled Yellow Brass.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 23.4mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 51-B: Unlisted Variant           RV 10
Variation: Ringed Cannon / Five Decorative Carriage Bolts / Cannon Sits on higher ground.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This is another die variant that was manufactured in England in the 1820-30's, and could have been used by either the federal, or state militia artillery units. The button's pattern above depicts a calling eagle with upraised wings facing right. The eagle is standing on a Ringed Cannon pointing right. The cannon has a short carriage which only reaches to the back of the wheel. There are Five Decorative Carriage Bolts in this pattern. The carriage's wheel is round with eight spokes. The Cannon Sits on a Higher Ground in a field of grass. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field that is within in a wide plain picture frame border with a rope edge. The unusual trademark of this die variant is the depiction of the eagles breast feathers. They appear to be hand chased afterward.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original and intact, but slightly bent over. Old English Script lettering dm RICH QUALITY/LONDON inner dm ring/ 8 asterisk type stars. (Rich03 back mark 1820-30's)

The Picture is Courteous of Harry Ridgeway.









 

1820-30's Artillery General Use for Federal or State Militia Units

Color: Aged Gilded Brass.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 20.8mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 52-A:               RV 10
Variation: Ringed Cannon Large Ribbed Breech / Four Carriage Bolts / Three Small Wide-Spaced Cannon Balls .
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This series of buttons should have been included in Albert's AY 51 series as a manufacturer's pattern variation. These buttons with the cannon balls underneath were manufactured in England, and could have been used by either the federal, or state militia artillery units. In this series, Albert only lists three earlier manufacturer's back marks and three die variants, but there seem to be several manufacturers with their own unique variations. There are several differences in the style of eagle depicted, to the characteristics of the cannons and their carriages. Also the cannon balls size and space can differentiate. The button's pattern above depicts a calling eagle with upraised wings facing right. The eagle is standing on a Ringed Cannon with a Large Ribbed Breech pointing right. The cannon has a short carriage which only reaches to the back of the wheel. There are Four Decorative Carriage Bolts in this pattern. The carriage's wheel is round with eight spokes. The cannon sits on a field of grass with Three Small Wide-Spaced Cannon Balls stacked in a pyramidal shape below. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field that is within in a wide plain oval picture frame border with a rope edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The copper shank appears to be replaced. * IMPERIAL / RICH GILT * within a 2 RING dm. (IMPERIAL03 back mark dates to 1830's).










 

1820-30's Artillery General Use for Federal or State Militia Units

Color: A Dark Brown With Orangey-Yellow Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 52-A: Unlisted Variant         RV 10
Variation: Ringed Cannon with A Ribbed Breech / Four Decorative Carriage Bolts/ Three Small Wide-Spaced Cannon Balls.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This is another pattern variation in the series. The button's pattern above depicts a calling eagle with upraised wings facing right. The eagle is standing on a Ringed Cannon with a Ribbed Breech pointing right. The cannon has a short carriage which only reaches to the back of the wheel. There are Four Decorative Carriage Bolts in this pattern. The carriage's wheel is round with eight spokes. The cannon sits on a field of grass with Three Small Wide-Spaced Cannon Balls stacked in a pyramidal shape below. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field that is within in a wide plain oval picture frame border with a rope edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original and intact, but slightly bent over. TREBLE * STANDARD * within a 2 RING dm.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.








 

1820-30's Artillery General Use for Federal or State Militia Units

Color: Yellow Gold.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 21.5mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 52-B:             RV 10
Variation: Ringed Cannon with a Curved Stock / No Decorative Carriage Bolts / Three Large Close-Spaced Cannon Balls
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This is another die variant that was manufactured in England during the 1820-30's. As noted prior, this series of buttons should have been included in Albert's AY 51 series as just a pattern variation. The button's pattern depicts a calling eagle with upraised wings facing right. The eagle is standing on a crude style Ringed Cannon with a Curved Stock pointing right. The cannon has a plain short carriage which only reaches to the back of the wheel. There are No Decorative Carriage Bolts in this basic style pattern. The carriage's wheel is round, and has eight spokes. The cannon sits on a field of grass with Three Large Close-Spaced Cannon Balls that are stacked in a pyramidal shape below. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field that is within in a wide plain oval picture frame border with a rope edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight and intact. EXTRA -above /WREATH- below / RICH COLOUR graphic scroll (ExtraR20 back mark dates to 1820-30's).

The Picture is Courteous of Harry Ridgeway.








 

1820-30's Artillery General Use for Federal or State Militia Units

Color: Yellow Coppery Gold.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 21.2mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 52-B: Unlisted Variant            RV 10
Variation: Ringed Cannon with A Large Breech / One Decorative Carriage Bolt / Large Skewed Wide-Spaced Cannon Balls.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This federal style button was manufactured in England during the 1820-30's. The button's pattern above depicts a calling eagle with upraised wings facing right. The eagle is standing on a Ringed Cannon with a Large Breech pointing right. The cannon has a short carriage which only reaches to the back of the wheel. There is One Decorative Carriage Bolt on the top. The carriage's wheel is round, and has eight spokes. The cannon sits on a field of grass with Three Large Skewed Wide-Spaced Cannon Balls that are stacked in a pyramidal shape below. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field that is within in a wide plain oval picture frame border with a rope edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight and intact. J.MANN'S.TREBLE STANDARD within a 2 dm channel/130 stamped within inner ring. (Mann04 back mark dates to 1820-30's).

The Picture is Courteous of Harry Ridgeway.







 

1820-30's Artillery General Use for Federal or State Militia Units

Color: A Deep Golden Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 23mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 52-B: Unlisted Variant         RV 10
Variation: Small Ringed Cannon with a Large Ribbed Breech / Three Decorative Carriage Bolts / Three Large Wide-Spaced Cannon Balls.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This is another die variant manufactured in England in the 1820-30's. The button's pattern depicts a calling eagle with upraised-wings facing right. The eagle is standing on a Small Ringed Cannon with a Large Ribbed Breech. The cannon has a short carriage which only extends to the back of the wheel. There is Three Decorative Carriage Bolts in this die variant. The carriage's wheel is round with eight spokes. The cannon sits on a field of grass with Three Large Wide-Spaced Cannon Balls stacked in a pyramidal shape below. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field that is within in a wide plain oval picture frame border with a rope edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight and intact. ORANGE + GILT COLOUR+ with in a 2 dm ring.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.







 

1835-37 Militia Artillery Corps

Color: A Golden Orange.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 22.40mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 57-A:       RV 5
Tice's Number: AM209B.1 / Tice back marks PG 55
Variation: Federal Style Eagle / Ringed Cannon Pointing Left / Ten Cannon Balls / 3 Decorative Carriage Bolts / CORPS.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This pattern is very similar to the early Federal Artillery Corps buttons of 1814-21, but is distinguished by later back marks. This variation was manufactured specifically for the state's militia artillery just around the time the federal government started to use the spread eagle pattern. The button's pattern depicts a Federal Style Eagle facing right while perched on a Ringed Cannon Pointing Left. The cannon's breech is slightly angled inward. The cannon's carriage goes upward into the cannon slightly behind the wheel. There are Three Decorative Carriage Bolts showing on the carriage. The carriage has a large round eight spoke wheel that almost reaches the top of the cannon. There are Ten Cannon Balls stacked in a pyramidal shape in front of the carriage's wheel. The military designation, "CORPS" is written below in large capital letters. The High relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. *.W.H. JONES & CO.*. EXTRA.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.











 

1828-34 Militia Artillery Corps

Color: A Golden Brass-Orange.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece Gilded Brass.
Size: 21.77mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 57-B:             RV 5
Tice's Number: AM209B.1 / Tice back marks PG 52
Variation: Federal Style Eagle Facing Right / Ribbed Breech Pointing Leftward / Three Decorative Carriage Bolts / CORPS.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This pattern is very similar to the earlier W.H. Jone's die variant, but uses a different style cannon. This die variant is similar to the early Federal Artillery Corps pattern, but was manufactured afterward with later dated back marks. The pattern depicts a Federal Style Eagle Facing Right while perched on a ringed cannon with a Ribbed Breech Pointing Leftward. The cannons carriage angles upward into the cannon. There are Three Decorative Carriage Bolts showing on the carriage. The carriage has a large round eight spoke wheel that almost reaches the top of the cannon. There are ten cannon balls stacked in a pyramidal shape in front of the carriage wheel. The word "CORPS" is written below in large capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border. This button's pattern could have been made as early as 1828, but Tice notes 1830's in his back mark book.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. *.W.H. JONES & CO.*. EXTRA.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

















 

1830's Militia Artillery Corps

Color: A Sunset Golden Brown
Metal: Flat, 2-Piece, Raised Deign, Gilt Brass.
Size: 22.22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 58-A             RV 5
Tice's Number: AM 218-A
Variation: Federal Style Eagle Facing Right / Short Ringed Barrel Cannon Pointing Left / Four Decorative Bolts / Ten Cannon Balls
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: Kendrick manufactured this scarce specimen in the early 1830's. This is a neat two-piece construction that was made specifically to mirror a flat one-piece. The pattern depicts a Federal Style Eagle Facing Right while standing on a Short Ringed Barrel Cannon Pointing Left. The cannon's carriage is longer and extends past the cannon's wheel. The carriage has Four Decorative Bolts. The carriage's wheel is round with eight spokes. There are no lug nuts depicted. There are Ten Cannon Balls stacked in a pyramidal shape on the ground in front of the carriage's wheel. The military designation, "CORPS" is written below in small capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. 0 KENDRICK & CO 0 / SUPERFINE within a channel of two ring dm.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

Robert's Notes: Ives & Kendrick operated in Waterville, CT from 1836-47



 

1830's Militia Artillery Corps

Color: Brass Yellow With Brown Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: Similar to AY 58-B, but Unlisted 1-piece Variant             RV ?
Tice's Number: Similar to AM218 two-piece.
Variation: Federal Style Eagle Facing Right / Crude Style Large Breech Cannon Pointing Left / Ten Large Cannon Balls.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: Tice lists this pattern as a two-piece, as does Albert, but this pattern matches perfectly as a one piece. So most likely the front dies were carried over. The button's pattern depicts a Federal Style Eagle Facing Right while perched on a Crude Style Large Breech Cannon Pointing Left. The cannons carriage is short and angles upward into the cannon. This crude depiction doesn't show any decorative carriage bolts. The carriage shows a round eight spoke wheel that almost reaches the top of the cannon. There are Ten Large Cannon Balls stacked in a pyramidal shape on the ground under the muzzle. The word "CORPS" is written below in large capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Blank back mark.

The Picture Courteous of Allen Gaskins.







 

1830-40's Militia Artillery

Color: A Golden Mirror Brass.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass
Size: 21.55mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 59- Unlisted back mark Variant:      RV 10
Tice's Number: AM212 A - Unlisted Back mark
Variation: Federal Style Eagle Facing Right / Draped Flag with a Small Top Tassel / 5 Decorate Carriage Bolts / Artillery.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This early pattern was made by Robinson in the late 1820's and in the early 1830's. The button's pattern depicts a Federal Style Eagle Facing Right, while standing on a ringed cannon with a medium size breech pointing left. There is a Draped Flag with a Small Top Tassel on the left behind the cannon's barrel. The cannon's carriage extends to the wheel's axel, and has Five Decorate Carriage Bolts. The carriage's wheel is oval and depicts six spokes and lug nuts. The military unit designation, "ARTILLERY" is written in an arc at the top in capital letters. There are six cannon balls tightly stacked on the ground in a pyramidal shape underneath the draped flag. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border. This appears to be the only only state militia Artillery pattern without the words CORPS or REGt. below.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. R & W. ROBINSON./ATTLEBOROUGH/.*.*.*RICH.*.*.*EXTRA double outside rm ring, 2 inner rm rings.

The Robert J Silverstein Collection.









 

1830's Militia Artillery

Color: A Tarnished Brown with Green Encrustations.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Brass
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 59- Unlisted English Back mark Variant:    RV 05
Tice's Number: AM212 A - Unlisted English Back mark
Variation: Federal Style Eagle / Large Angled Breech / Draped Flag / Extends to the Back of the Wheel /
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This is the English version of R W Robinson's militia artillery pattern. From the back mark, this appears to be manufactured in the early 1830's. There only appears to be a slight depiction in the cannon's barrel and extension of the carriage. The button's pattern depicts a Federal Style Eagle Facing Right, while standing on a ringed cannon with a Large Angled Breech pointing left. There is a Draped Flag with a Small Top Tassel on the left behind the cannon's barrel. The cannon's carriage only Extends to the Back of the Wheel, and depicts Five Decorative Carriage Bolts. The carriage's wheel is oval and depicts six spokes and lug nuts. The military unit designation, "ARTILLERY" is in an arc at the top in capital letters. There are six cannon balls tightly stacked on the ground in a pyramidal shape under the cannon's barrel. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact.









 

1820-30's Militia Artillery Regiment

Color: A Deep Golden Brass.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 22.42mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: AY 60-B Unlisted Back mark:       RV 5
Tice's Number: AM 215-B. Unlisted Back mark
Variation: Eagle with Upraised Wings / Ringed Breech / Draped Flag Small Top Tassel / Wheel is Oval and has Six Spokes.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This Artillery Regt. was made by the British in the 1820's to early 30's. Regt. designations are a little bit more scarcer then the Artillery Corps buttons commonly found. The button's pattern depicts an Eagle with Upraised Wings Facing Right. The eagle is standing on a ringed cannon with a slightly larger Ringed Breech that is pointing toward the left. On the left, there is a Draped Flag with a Small Top Tassel. The cannon's carriage is short and only Extends to the Back of the Wheel. The carriage depicts six small decorative carriage bolts. The carriage's Wheel is Oval and has Six Spokes. The militia's unit designation, "ARTILLERY" is in an arc at the top of the button in small capital letters. There are Six Cannon Balls in a pyramidal shape stacked on the ground under the cannon's barrel. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thick raised edge border. This would be a good example of how the British used an earlier American manufacturer's pattern as a template.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. British Manufacture. * SUPERFINE COLOUR*

The RJ Silverstein Collection.




 

Connecticut's Militia Units

1845-60 Connecticut Militia Officer's Staff Button

Color: A Deep Gold.
Metal: 3-Piece, High Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: CT12: RV 5-10
Tice's Number: CT200AS.1
Variation: Connecticut's Coat of Arms / Three Grape Vines / Decorative Ribbon Below.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This staff button was commonly used by officers in Connecticut regiments during the Civil War. Scovill first produced this pattern in 1845, then stopped in 1860. The button's pattern depicts Connecticut's Coat of Arms with Three Grape Vines evenly spaced in the center of a decorative flowing scroll pattern. Below is a Decorative Ribbon Below. The high relief pattern is set on a high convex lined field with a plain over lapping edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a three-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. CANFIELD.BRO&CO. BAL. inner ring dm

The Picture is Courteous of H. Ridgeway.










 

Florida's Militia Units

     Florida is a peninsula state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered between the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean. To it's northern borders is the states of Alabama and Georgia. Florida was given it's name by the Spaniard Juan Ponce De Leon in 1513. The name means, Feast of Flowers. Saint Augustine established the first permanent European settlement in 1565. In 1821, Spain reached an agreement and transferred ownership to the United States. This transfer of ownership was immediately followed  by the Seminole Indian War. This battle didn't end well for the native American Indians and they were relocated by the US Army to Oklahoma. In 1845, Florida was admitted to the Union as the 27th state, and adopted a seal showing a map of the state. Florida's militia used buttons bearing the territorial seal consisting of an Eagle with Down Swept Wings. In the eagle's left talon is a laurel branch, and in it's right claw is a small bundle of three arrows. The eagle is situated above cacti, and there are 13 six-pointed stars arched above encircling the eagle. In 1861, Florida was the third state to secede from the union and join the Confederacy. They produced no buttons during the Civil War.~








 

1840-50's Florida's State Militia

Color: A Deep Gold.
Metal: 2-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: FL1: RV 50
Tice's Number: FL200A.4
Variation: Eagle with Down-Swept Wings Facing Right / 13 Five-Pointed Stars / Cacti Underneath.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This early 2-piece button uses the unofficial Florida territorial seal on a lined field. The button depicts an Eagle with Down-Swept Wings Facing Right. In the eagles left talon is an olive branch, and in it's right is a bundle of three arrows. There are 13 Five-Pointed Stars arched 3/4 away around the eagle, and a Cacti Underneath. The high relief pattern is set on a convex lined field with a plain narrow edge border. Collectors should this is the most common Florida pre-1865 uniform button to find on the market. Scovills made these buttons for about 20 years, from 1840 to 1860. Collectors usually prize there specimens and they usually command a premium. Tice does note that the small size examples are rarer.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. .SCOVILL MFG CO.WATERBURY. rm within a channel.


 

1860's Florida's State Militia

Color: Florida Gold.
Metal: 3-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 22.3mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: FL2: RV 150
Tice's Number: FL205A.1
Variation: Raised Six-Pointed Star/ Cherokee Rose Wreath / Florida.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: In 1860, the legislature asked the Governor to find a new suitable pattern for the state's militia buttons. He chose the Cherokee Rose design. Before the Civil War, the Florida Militia was mostly posted around the Panhandle region. This area was an extension of the Gulf Coast economic power region of Mobile Alabama and New Orleans. The button's pattern depicts a Raised Six-Pointed Star in the center of a Cherokee Rose Wreath. The states name, "FLORIDA" is in roman font capital letters below. The whole pattern is set on a low convex lined field with a false 3-piece rim. Scovill made these around 1860, for a military contractor Ethlebert. Halfmann of Montgomery Alabama. There are only a few specimens known which makes this button not only a true rarity, but a costly one for southern state button collectors.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a three-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. E. HALFMANN/ * MONTGOMERY ALA. * dm between two rings of dots.










 

1860's Florida's State Militia

Color: A Spotted Gold.
Metal: 2-Piece, High Convex, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 20.6mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: FL3: RV 150
Tice's Number: FL210A.1
Variation: Six-Pointed Star / Cherokee Rose Wreath / No Edge Border.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button was also produced by Scovills around 1860 for Ethlebert Halfmann. Unlike the officer's die variant, this pattern was made without the 3-piece border to distinguish the enlisted men. The button's pattern depicts a raised Six-Pointed Star with a Pebbled Surface. The star is situated in the center of a decorative Cherokee Rose Wreath. The state's name, "FLORIDA" is written below in large Roman font capital letters. The pattern is set on a plain convex field with no edge rim. As with the officer's die variant, this is rare and costly for southern state button colectors.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is intact, but professionally re-soldered. E.HALFMANN/ .MONTGOMERY ALA. rmdc on a stippled field.









 

Georgia's Militia Units

     Georgia is located in the southeastern part of the United States. It is bordered by Florida in the south, South Carolina & Atlantic Ocean in the East. To the west is Alabama, and it's northern borders brinks upon North Carolina and Tennessee. Georgia was the last of the original 13 colonies to be established in 1732. It was named after King George II, who charted the region to James Oglethorpe who established a settlement in Savannah in 1733. Originally it was created to be a buffer between the British colonies to the north, and the Spanish territory of Florida in the south. Between 1770-1840, settlers from Virginia and the Carolinas began to colonize the interior of the state and force the Creek and Cherokee Indians out of their lands. In 1861, Georgia joined the Confederacy, and was the 5th state to secede from the union. In 1799, the Georgia legislature adopted a State Seal, or Coat of Arms depicting Three Classical Pillars supporting an Arch bearing the word, "Constitution". The design symbolizes the three branches of government; Legislative, Judicial, and Executive supporting the ratified Constitution. Wrapped within the pillars is a banner inscribed with the words, "Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation". On the side of one of the pillars is a Minuteman with a Drawn Sword symbolizing the defense of the constitution by state military forces. There are a large number of manufacturers and die variants for Georgia buttons, which makes these buttons great for collectors.









 

1830-50's Republican Blues, Savannah Georgia

Color: A Two-Tone Silver.
Metal: 2-piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 21mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: GA23: RV 50
Tice's Number: GA261B.1
Variation: American Spread Eagle Facing Right / Short Stout Neck / Federal Lined Shield / Republican Blues.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are four known die variants for this pattern. One facing right with a long neck, one facing right with a short stout neck. One facing left looking toward the three o'clock position, and one looking left toward the one o'clock position. Various Northern manufacturers made this button from 1830's through the 1850's. All are known to be silver plated. This particular back mark dates in-between 1835-40. The button's pattern uses the same early 1821-40 Federal Infantry & Artillery pattern of an American Spread Eagle Facing Right. This die variant depicts an eagle with a Short Stout Neck. In the eagle's right talon is an olive branch, and in it's right talon is a bundle of three arrows. On the eagle's chest is a Federal Lined Shield with the initials, "R B" for Republican Blues. The high relief pattern is set on a low-convex lined field with a slightly raised thin edge. The Savannah Blues formed in 1808 by socially prominent men. This would be your typical example of how a militia unit turned from a military objective of protection to a ceremonial parade military organization as the years went by. During the Civil War, the Blues served within the 1st Volunteer Georgia Infantry. Most specimens known are excavated.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. rmdc .W.H. JONES &CO. EXTRA within depressed channel.
Excavated by Rocky Sommers in Savannah Georgia.~
The R. Sommers Collection.








 

1840's Irish Jasper Greens, Savannah Georgia

Color: A Golden Green.
Metal: 2-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GA18A.1: RV 50
Tice's Number: GA256B.1
Variation: Spread Wing Eagle Facing Right / Large Decorative Harp / Irish Jasper Greens.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button was made by three manufacturers with only a slight change in the depiction of the Harp and Eagle. This button depicts a Spread Wing Eagle Facing Right, while perched on top of a Large Decorative Harp. The initials for Irish Jasper Greens, "I J G" is arched above. The pattern is set upon a plain low-convex field eith no raised edge border. The Irish Jasper Greens was formed in Savannah Georgia in 1842, and designated Company A, 1st Volunteer Regiment of Georgia. The company's name was taken from William Jasper who was an American Revolutionary War Hero born in South Carolina. During the battle of Fort Sullivan, Jasper replaced the fort's fallen flag while under heavy fire from a British Naval squadron. All the members of this company are citizens of Savannah, and Irish. Most of these examples have been dug in the costal areas of Georgia and South Carolina. Silver plated non-excavated examples are extremely rare.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, and intact, but slightly bent. BENEDICT & BURNHAM on a ribbon with an eagle.

Excavated in Savannah Georgia.~
The Picture is Courteous of H. Ridgeway.








 

1856-61 Georgia Militia

Color: A Golden Brown.
Metal: 2-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 24mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: GA1A.2: RV 10
Tice's Number: GA200A.4
Variation: Georgia State Coat of Arms / Period After the Word Constitution / Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation 
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There seems to be a little bit of conjecture on dating this button. Some button enthusiasts say it goes back to the early 1840's, and Tice inaccurately labeled it 1850's in his book. Whichever, we know it use dates prior to the Civil War. There appears to be two variants noted for this early button pattern. One with a period after the word Constitution, and without a period. This button's pattern depicts the Georgia State Coat of Arms which is Three Classical Pillars supporting an Arch bearing the word Constitution above. In this variant there is a Period After the Word Constitution. The pattern symbolizes the judicial, legislative, and executive departments of government in support of the constitution. There is a free flowing ribbon around each of the pillars that are inscribed, "Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation. This high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with a thin edge border. This has always been a southern confederate button collectors favorite. Manufacturer signature back marks are much scarcer then blank locals.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. rmdc .WmH.SMITH&CO. NEW-YORK within a stippled depressed channel. This back mark seems to date to 1840's according to Tice. Some back marks appear to have a raised area around the shank, this most likely is not a die variant, but caused during assembly. Some other examples of this back mark have a weak dash between New and York, this most likely is caused by either grime or die fatigue.

Possible excavated in Virginia, but unconfirmed.~
The RJ Silverstein Collection.



 

Georgia's Artillery Units

1810-20's Georgia Chatham Artillery

Color: An Ochre Pigment of Brown Shades with Golden Highlights.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Double Gilt Brass.
Size: 21mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: NA 1-Incorrectly Identified as Continental Navy
Tice's Number: GA110 A.2
Variation: Large Coiled Hissing Snake / Don't Tread On Me /  Head Points Toward Three O'clock.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be three known die variants for this button. The notable difference is where the snakes head is depicted. One the snakes body near the head touches the coil, and the head points toward three o'clock. In the second, The snakes body near the head does not touch the coil, and the head points to 2:30. In the third, the snakes body near the head touches the body, and the head points toward the two o'clock position. The first variant with the double gilt back mark is the rarest or the three, and un-dug specimens in any variation are extremely rare. This button's pattern depicts a Large Coiled Hissing Snake above the motto, "DON'T TREAD ON ME" . The motto appears to be in large Roman Font Capital letters. This variant depicts the snakes body near the head touching the coil, and the Head Points Toward Three O'clock. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border. This artillery company traces it roots back to the 1st battalion, 118 field artillery, which organized on April 18, 1751. This was originally formed as a Georgia Militia unit in the district of Savannah. It consisted of four independent volunteer companies, three of foot, and one of horse. In 1778, the British military planners decided to embark on a southern strategy to conquer all the rebellious colonies with the support of their loyalist supporters in the southern states. Their first step was to gain control of the southern ports of Savannah Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina. In December, the British  took Savannah as an easy conquest. There was only moderate resistance from the in-effective Georgia Militia, and Continental Army defenses. With survivors from this encounter, the Georgia militia disbanded for almost two years, and then reformed and joined the Continental Army using the common pewter enlisted man's U.S.A. pattern buttons. Officially, they were re-designated as the Chatham Artillery in 1786 under Captain Edward Lloyd. There first documented duty was the funeral honors of Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene in June of 1786. This company was also instrumental for George Washington in the Oconee Wars of 1789 to 1793. In 1792 George Washington showed his appreciation for their gallant services, and presented them with 2 cannons. One of which was captured at Yorktown, and the other was from France. This button has become a real collector's favorites, and usually demands a premium.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank, The shank is original, but very slightly bent. There is the rare "Double Gilt" raised back mark with two Six Pointed Stars with Four Dots in-between in high relief.

Excavated in around Savannah Georgia.~
The RJ Silverstein Collection.

Robert's Notes: This button has been mistakenly identified by A. Albert (NA 1), and others as the first Continental Navy Dress Uniform Button. Records of that button show the pattern to be impressed, not in High Relief as the example above. Also, the Navy buttons with the Rattlesnake Don't Tread On Me have never been recovered to date. Even though the Chatham Artillery Militia unit (AKA Georgia Militia Savannah District) dates back to fighting in Revolutionary War, the back mark on the button example above most likely dates anywhere from 25 to 50 years after.~















 

Massachusetts's Militia Units

     The official name of the state is, "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts", or is simply referred to as, "The Commonwealth". The early colonists took the name Massachusetts from the Algonquian Indian term, "Near the Great Hill", or "By the Blue Hills". Massachusetts is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States, and lies on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north. Massachusetts was originally formed from three distinct settlements. Plymouth near Cape Cod, Gloucester on Cape Ann, and Mass. Bay Colony around Boston. The first English settlers were known as Pilgrims, and they came to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. They developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag Indians, and this became the second successful permanent English colony in North America after Jamestown. In 1630, the Puritans soon followed and established the Massachusetts Bay colony. This is what we know in present day as Boston. Unlike the Plymouth Colony, the Bay colony was founded under a Royal Charter by the Puritans. They were seeking religious freedom from the Church of England. In 1691, both the colonies (& Maine) were united into the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The new governor of the Province, Sir William Phips, is the one in which the Salem Witch Trials took place. This resulted in a number of men and women being hanged or burned. In the late 18th Century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty" because of the agitation of it's colonists that led to the American Revolution, and the independence of United States from Great Britain. Later on in the Federal Period around 1780, John Adams who was known as, "The Atlas of Independence" wrote Massachusetts's original Constitution. This was the first state to have a Constitution that declared the universal rights for it's citizens. Also in 1780, Nathan Cushing designed the Massachusetts's Coat of Arms. This depicts a standing Native American Indian holding a Bow in his left hand, and an Arrow in his right. There is a five-pointed North Star over his right shoulder which represents the dependent territory of Maine. The Commonwealth's Latin motto, "Ense Petit Placidam sub Libertate Quietem", means "This Hand the Rule of Tyrants to oppose, Seeks with the sword fair freedom's soft repose". This prompted the adoption of a Sword and Arm as the unofficial crest. Most of the Massachusetts Militia buttons depict either the Arm & Sword, or the Standing Indian. The earliest known use of a military button depicting an Arm and Sword would be Henry Jackson's independent Boston Militia in 1776. By the early part of the 19th Century, Massachusetts operated with a large number of undisciplined militia units who were ceremonial in nature. It wasn't until 1840, the state started to re-organize all these rouge companies in order to create a more disciplined volunteer system. By 1851, they had integrated most of the independent companies into regiments and battalions. The companies who wouldn't join and opposed the new reorganization soon disbanded.
 

Robert's Notes: In 1820, Maine separated from The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, began it's own statehood, and entered into the union as the 23rd state. This branch off from Massachusetts was a direct result of the Missouri Compromise. This legislation dictated that slave and free states be admitted to the union in an equal number. Maine accompanied Missouri, and both were admitted together. By the Civil War, Maine had it's own distinct Militia entity from Massachusetts.













 

1812-30's Massachusetts State Militia General Use

Color: A Golden Center With A Light Coppery Brown Border.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 25mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS 19-A:                 RV 10
Tice's Number: MSO 36A Unlisted Back Mark
Variation: Native American Indian Standing on A Grassy Mound / Large Hunting Bow / Downward Pointing Arrow
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This pattern has always been a collector's favorite among both button and coin collectors. It was produced by British manufacturers all throughout the first quarter of the 19th century. The button's pattern depicts a Native American Indian Standing on a Grassy Mound. He is leaning on a Large Hunting Bow in his Left Hand, and holding a Downward Pointing Arrow in his right. Over the Indian's right shoulder is the symbolic Five-Point North Star which represents the dependent territory of Maine. Arched in a semi-circle around the Indian is the states name, "MASSACHUSETTS" in large Roman font capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field, that is within a plain oval picture frame border with an outer rope edging. When this button becomes available, collectors should seek specimens that clearly show the Indian's belt and depict the shirt's V neck lines clearly.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. dm IMPERIAL+ ORANGE GILT+ within 2 dm rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.







 

1812-30's Massachusetts State Militia General Use

Color: A Coppery Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 25mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS 19-A:        RV 6-10
Tice's Number: MSO 36A.2
Variation: Native American Indian Standing on A Grassy Mound / Large Hunting Bow / Downward Pointing Arrow
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the same British manufacturer's obverse pattern, just a different back mark. The button's pattern depicts a Native American Indian Standing on a Grassy Mound. He is leaning on a Large Hunting Bow in his Left Hand, and holding a Downward Pointing Arrow in his right. Over the Indian's right shoulder is the symbolic Five-Point North Star which represents the dependent territory of Maine. Arched in a semi-circle around the Indian is the states name, "MASSACHUSETTS" in large Roman font capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field, that is within an oval picture frame border with an outer rope edging. When this button becomes available, collectors should seek specimens that clearly show the Indian's belt and depict the shirt's V neck lines clearly.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. rm LONDON- EXTRA-QUALITY within a set of 2 double Rm rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.










 

1815-25 Massachusetts State Militia General Use

Color: A Golden Brass Yellow Patina.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 24mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS 22:               RV 10
Tice's Number: MS102-A/B
Variation: Native American Indian / Large Hunting Bow / Downward Pointing Arrow / Five Point North Star.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This specific pattern was made by both the British & American Manufacturers between 1815-25 . The button's pattern depicts a Native American Indian Standing on a Grassy Mound. He is leaning on a Large Hunting Bow in his Left Hand, and holding a Downward Pointing Arrow in his right. Over the Indian's right shoulder is a  Five-Point North Star Pointing Downward. This star is to symbolically represent the dependent territory of Maine. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field, that is within an oval picture frame border with an outer rope edging. This button is a little more scarce then it's counterpart with the states name in the legend. A clearly defined belt and tunic should be a strong consideration in pricing.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. This button is a strike over from surplus early official/diplomatic buttons. TREBLE GILT ORANGE COLOUR within 2 dm rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.








 

1830's-65 Massachusetts State Militia

Color: Antique Brass with An Orange Glow.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 22mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS 26:                  RV 5
Tice's Number: MS200A.1
Variation: Native American Indian / Pebbled Field / Quiver of Arrows / North Star / Bent Arm / Downward Pointing Saber.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This was the first Massachusetts button in the 1830's to depict the entire Commonwealth Coat of Arms. The button was also re-manufactured throughout the Civil War. The button's pattern depicts a Native American Indian standing on a grassy mound. The Indian is depicted on a Pebbled Field that is within a recessed shield that has a raised outline border. The Indian is leaning on a large bow with his right hand, and holding a downward pointing arrow in his left. Over the Indian's left shoulder is a Quiver of Arrows. In the upper right hand corner of the shield is the symbolic North Star which represents the dependent territory of Maine. Directly above the shield is a mantle depicted by some graphic swirly lines. Above that is the Bent Arm Holding a Downward Pointing Saber. Below the shield is a "U" shaped banner ribbon that has the states name, "MASSACHUSETTS" in capital letters on a pebbled field. The high relief pattern is set against a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. above is a rm INDEPENDENT CORPS within a ribbon. Below is a rm wreath & Bow design.
 
The Robert J. Silverstein Collection.









 

1820's Massachusetts State Militia

Color: A Brass Yellow With Green Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 23mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS 27:             RV 5
Tice's Number: MS110C.2
Variation: Pebbled Field / Slanted Bow / Quiver of Arrows / North Star / Saber Appears like a Short Knife.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: These buttons were manufactured in Great Britain during the 1820's. There appears to be at least three die variants. The main differences are in the depiction of the length of the saber, and its spacing to the top of the mantling. The button's pattern depicts a Native American Indian standing on a very small mound. The Indian is depicted on a Pebbled Field that is within a shield with a raised outline. The Indian is leaning on a large Slanted Bow with his right hand, and holding a Downward Pointing Arrow in his left. Over the Indian's left shoulder is a Quiver of Arrows. In the upper right hand corner of the shield is the symbolic North Star which represents the dependent territory of Maine. Directly above the shield is a mantle depicted by some graphic swirly lines. Above that is the bent arm holding a downward pointing saber. In this variant, the Saber Appears like a Short Knife. Below the shield is a "U" shaped banner ribbon that has the states name, "MASSACHUSETTS" in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a lined field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. rm LONDON. RICH .QUALITY within a set of 2 double dm rings.

The Robert J. Silverstein Collection.










 

1830's Massachusetts State Militia

Color: A Coppery Brown Golden Areas.
Metal: 1-Piece, Slightly Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 20.08mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS 33:            RV 8
Tice's Number: MS204A.1
Variation: Bent Arm Clothed in a Military Style Button Shirt / Long Downward Pointing Saber / 26 Five Pointed Stars.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is one of the last Massachusetts one-piece military buttons made during the 1830's. The same front dies were later used for the production of two-piece buttons. There are two die variants known for this one piece button. One with a long sword, and the other with a short sword. The button's pattern depicts a large Bent Arm Clothed in a Military Style Button Shirt holding a Long Downward Pointing Saber. In a semi-circle above is the states abbreviation, "MASS." with the designation," VOLUNTEER". In the legend below is the military designation, "MILITIA" in capital letters. Circling around the button's edge is 26 Five Pointed Stars. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no raised edge border. There is another die variant with a shorter sword.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. .KENDRICK & CO./WATERBURY rm with an inner contiguous ring and outer ring of dots.

The Robert J. Silverstein Collection.










 

1840's Massachusetts State Militia

Color: A Tarnished Gold.
Metal: 2-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 23mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS 30: RV 1
Tice's Number: MS202B.2
Variation: Native American Indian / Pebbled Shield / Hunting Bow / Decorative Mantle / Short Saber / 26 Five Point Stars.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Originally Colonel Winchester made for the Independent Corps of Cadets when he was visiting Paris, when he returned he presented them to the corps. By October 4, 1844 the pattern was officially adopted. There are four known die variants that became general use button for all Massachusetts troops. The differences mainly lie in the depiction of the sword, stars, and shield. The button depicts the Commonwealth Arms of a small Native American Indian standing within a Pebbled Shield. In his right hand he is leaning on a Hunting Bow. In his left hand he is holding an arrow pointing downward. Over his left shoulder is a quiver of arrows. There is a North Star in the upper corner of the shield which represents the dependent territory of Maine. Above the shield is a Decorative Mantle with a bent arm holding a Short Saber in the middle. Below the shield is a banner ribbon with the states name, "MASSACHUSETTS" in all capital letters on a pebbled field. Circling around the border is 26 Five Point Stars. In this die variant, the stars are rotated 180 degrees with the point upward. The pattern is set against a lined field with a thin flat border ring encircling the edge. 
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. dm R&W. ROBINSON. EXTRA RICH. within a set of double inner dm rings, and one outer dm ring.

The Picture is Courteous of H. Ridgeway.




 

1865-90's Massachusetts State Militia

Color: Antique Brass.
Metal: 3-Piece, High Convex, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 23mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS 28:                 RV 1
Tice's Number: MS201 Unlisted Back mark.
Variation: Native American Indian / Lined Shield / Small Hunting Bow / Large Arrow / Short Saber / 24 Five Point Stars.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Robinson & Evans made most of these after the Civil War, but there are some manufactured prior to 1865. Civil War collectors should be careful noting back marks. There are two known die variants. One with the star over the Indians left shoulder, and one with it over his right. The button depicts the Commonwealth Arms of a small Native American Indian standing within a Lined Shield. In his right hand he is holding on a Small Hunting Bow. In his left hand he is holding a Large Arrow pointing downward. Over his left shoulder is a small quiver of arrows. There is a North Star on the right hand side between the Indian's head and hunting bow. This represents the dependent territory of Maine. Above the shield is a decorative mantle with a bent arm holding a Long Saber in the middle. In this die variant, the sword in the crest is longer the other variants. Below the shield is with the states name, "MASSACHUSETTS" in all capital letters. Circling around the border is 24 Five Point Stars. In this die variant, the stars are rotated 180 degrees with the point upward. The pattern is set against a lined convex field with a thin flat false border ring encircling the edge. 
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.








 

1838-46 Boston City Guards Officer's Staff Button

Color: Golden Yellow With Brown Patches.
Metal: 3-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 22.5mm.  Coat Button
Albert's Number: MS 56:           RV 8
Tice's Number: MS230A.1
Variation: Eagle with Upraised Wings / Bundle of Five Arrows / Olive Branch with Seven Petals / CG / Semper / Paratus.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: In September of 1821, this unit organized as the "Boston City Greys," but was soon renamed Guards. They later became Company E of the 1st Light Infantry Regiment. They were nicknamed, "Tiger First". Windhams, Webster & Co made these buttons in Torrington, CT between 1838-46. This appears to be the only manufacture for this specific pattern, hence the only pattern known. The button's pattern depicts an Eagle with Upraised Wings facing right. In it's right talon is a Bundle of Five Arrows, and in it's left talon is a short stem Olive Branch with Seven Petals. On the eagle's chest is an outlined shield with the initials, "CG" for City Guard. In an arc above the eagles head is the Latin word, "SEMPER" and arched in the bottom legend is the word, "PARATUS," which means, Always Ready. The high relief pattern is set on a low-convex lined field. Collectors like this button because there are three different design types to collect.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a three-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. WINDHAMS WEBSTER & CO/. SUPERFINE . WOLCOTTEVILLE CONN.*. dm middle solid ring, and two inner solid rings

The Old Court House Civil War Museum Collection.
The Picture is Courteous of H. Ridgeway.



























 

1845-59 Boston City Guards

Color: A Golden Reddish-Brown.
Metal: 2-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 22.94mm.  Coat Button
Albert's Number: MS 57:            RV 5
Tice's Number: MS232A.2
Variation: C G in Old English / Raised Outline / Pebbled Field
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This new style button replaced the City Guards Semper Paratus eagle button in 1846. The button's pattern depicts the City Guards initials, "C G" in Old English. The initials have a Raised Outline with a Pebbled Field. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no raised edge border. There appears to be at least four manufacturers that produced the same style pattern. Robinson being the most common, and Draper and Sandland a it more scarcer.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. *D.EVANS & CO./*ATTLEBORO MASS inner line dm surrounding a shank well.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.


















 

1854 Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, 1st Regiment Infantry.

Color: Antique Brown With Gold Highlights.
Metal: 2-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 23.18mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS41:                 RV 5
Tice's Number: MS214 A.1
Variation: False Embroidered Hunting Horn / Four Tassels / Lined Number 1 / MVM in Old English Capital Letters.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Strong Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: A very popular state infantry button among collectors. The button's pattern depicts a False Embroidered Hunting Horn with Four Tassels. Inside the loop of the horn is a big Lined Number, "1" to distinguish the regiment. Above the hunting horn is the abbreviation for Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, "MVM" in Old English Capital Letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no raised edge border. State authorities formed the volunteer regiment from existing companies that were still around from the "old" 1st & 2nd regiment. During the Civil War, the 1st & 2nd Regiments were organized into the 42nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment which saw distinguished service.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-Piece button with a loop shank. There is a slight push, but straight, original, and intact. * R&W. ROBINSON/ EXTRA RICH* single inner ring dm.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.








 

1854 Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, 1st Regiment Infantry.

Color: Brass Yellow With Brown Speckles.
Metal: 2-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 15.10 mm.  Cuff Size
Albert's Number: MS41:          RV 10
Tice's Number: MS214 As.1
Variation: False Embroidered Hunting Horn / Four Tassels / Lined Number 1 / MVM in Old English Capital Letters.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Strong Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: A very popular state infantry button among collectors. The button's pattern depicts a False Embroidered Hunting Horn with Four Tassels. Inside the loop of the horn is a big Lined Number, "1" to distinguish the regiment. Above the hunting horn is the abbreviation for Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, "MVM" in Old English Capital Letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no raised edge border. State authorities formed the volunteer regiment from existing companies that were still around from the "old" 1st & 2nd regiment. During the Civil War, the 1st & 2nd Regiments were organized into the 42nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment which saw distinguished service.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-Piece button with a loop shank. There is a slight push, but straight, original, and intact. * R&W. ROBINSON/ EXTRA RICH* single inner ring dm.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.







 

1855 Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, 4th Regiment Infantry.

Color: A Polished Brassy-Brown.
Metal: 2-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 23mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS42:          RV 10
Tice's Number: MS216 A.1
Variation: False Embroidered Hunting Horn / Four Tassels / Lined Number 1 / MVM in Old English Capital Letters.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Strong Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: D. Evans made these handsome mis-backed buttons around 1855. The unit originated out of the old 2nd light infantry regiment of southeastern Massachusetts in 1855. The button's pattern depicts a False Embroidered Hunting Horn with Four Tassels. Inside the loop of the horn is a big Lined Number, "4" to distinguish the regiment. Above the hunting horn is the abbreviation for Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, "MVM" in Old English Capital Letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no raised edge border. During the Civil War, authorities mustered this regiment into service for three months in 1861 and nine months in 1862 &1863. This button is much scarcer then the 1st regiment. Collectors should base there cost according to the detail remaining in the embroidered hunting horn.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a Two-Piece button with a loop shank. The shank is straight, original, and intact. R&W. ROBINSON* EXTRA RICH* single dm ring.







 

Massachusetts Artillery Units

Robert's Research Notes: Each cannon would be manned by two gunners, six soldiers, and four officers of the artillery. The right gunner was to prime the piece and load it with powder, while the left gunner would fetch the powder from the magazine, and keep ready to fire the cannon at the officer's command. Three soldiers stood on each side of the cannon, to ram and sponge the cannon, and hold the ladle. The second soldier on the left was charged with providing 50 rounds.


Colonial artillery crew during the American Revolutionary War - contemporaries of the 1771Encyclopædia Britannica.
Prior to loading, the cannon would be well cleaned with a sponge to remove all sparks, filth, and dirt. The powder was added, followed by a wad of paper or hay, and the ball was thrown in. After ramming, the cannon would be aimed with the elevation set using a quadrant and a plummet. At 45 degrees the ball had the utmost range – about ten times the gun's level range. Any angle above the horizontal line was called random-shot. The officer of artillery had to ensure the cannon was diligently served. Water was available to dip the sponges in and cool the pieces every ten or twelve rounds.
In the late 1770s it was said that a 24-pounder could fire 90 to 100 shots a day in Summer, or 60 to 75 in Winter. However, French artillery officers managed to have a cannon fire 150 shots daily during siege. A 16 or 12 pounder would fire a little more, because they were more easily served.
 

Source: Wikipedia
Colonial artillery crew during the American Revolutionary War - Contemporaries of the 1771 Encyclopedia Britannica.



 

1799-1810 Massachusetts Ancient & Honourable Artillery 1638

Color: A Golden Brown With A Softer Light Brown Center.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Impressed Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 25.09mm.  Coat Size
Albert's Number: MS45:   RV 45?                    Isabela's: RV 75
Tice's Number: MSO40A.1
Variation: Charter Year 1638 / Ancient & Honourable Artillery /
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional Impression.
Robert's Notes:  The Ancient & Honourable Artillery unit acquired it's first named button in 1799-1800. The button's pattern depicts the companies Charter Year, "1638" in the center. The company's name and designation, "ANCIENT & HONOURABLE ARTILLERY" is in capital letters circling around the buttons edge.  The word "HONOURABLE" is spelled the British way, so obviously they had a grammar problem with more then just the word colour..lol or they just spelled it to honor their British heritage with the formal spelling of the time. The impressed pattern is on a plain flat field with no raised edge border. This company was originally founded in 1637, by Robert Keyane. All 24 original members were officers in the Massachusetts Militia. Some of these 24 officers were originally from the Ancient & Artillery Company in London before they sailed to the new world. (Obviously they were leading dead end-lives in London with no hopes of military career advancement). During the early colonial times, this company served as a school for training Militia. Many cadets went on to fight with distinction on the Champlain frontier and also in Canada. During the American Revolution, some members were at the Boston Tea Party, and some served in the Continental Army. After the Revolution, some members helped suppress Shay's Rebellion in the Berkshire Mountains in Massachusetts. The company turned into a ceremonial organization in the mid 1800's, and did "NOT" function as a fighting unit during the Civil War! The different style buttons that followed after the first two original patterns were mostly ceremonial in nature.  There must have been a few floating around that Albert new about for such a low RV rating, because I have only come across this one during my whole life of collecting…. and my dear friend William L. made me pay dearly. I recommend that if any specimen that comes to market consider the opportunity of buying it with extreme prejudice. 
Reverse Button Analysis: Flat one-piece button. The shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.









 

1810 Massachusetts Ancient & Honourable Artillery 1638

Color: A Golden Brown With Some Purple & Blue.
Metal: Low Convex 1-Piece Plated.
Size: 25mm.
Albert's Number: MS46: RV 40
Tice's Number: MSO42A.1
Variation: 5 Point Star.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This popular pattern button was made both in Gilt and Silver Plated Copper around 1810. The high relief pattern depicts a standing indian facing right, while holding a bow in his left hand, and an arrow in his right. There is a raised five pointed star over his right shoulder. (There is another variant with a 6 pointed star). The inscription COMMON WEALTH circles the button's outside periphery. The Ancient & Honourable Artillery unit turned into a ceremonial organization during the mid 1800's, and did "NOT" function as a fighting unit during the Civil War. The different style buttons that followed after the first two original patterns were mostly ceremonial in nature. The Ancient & Honourable Artillery unit acquired it's first named button in 1799-1800.
Reverse Button Analysis: Slightly concave one-piece button. The shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.










 

1800-1825 Massachusetts Militia Artillery Unit

Color: A Forest Green with Brown Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece Brass.
Size: 25mm.
Albert's Number: MS 18: RV 40
Tice's Number: MSO 34
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: Massachusetts purchased these buttons from American manufacturers in Boston during the early 1800's. The button's pattern depicts a an old style cannon in the center pointing left. The cannon's carriage extends to the wheel axel, and shows five carriage bolts. On the right hand side behind the cannon is a raised flag with a motif of a small standing indian within a circle. There is a pile of cannon balls stacked with a gaming sponge in front of the cannon. The state's name, " MASSACHUSETTS" is in an arc along the top legend, and the word, "ARTILLERY" is written below in a semicircle. There appears to have been a number of manufacturers that produced this pattern in the US and England. Collectors usually seek A.M PEASLEY. Recently there was a 6-8 found in New Boston New Hampshire.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight and intact. Sixteen raised asterisk type stars encircle in a depressed channel (A.M. PEASLY BOSTON'S back mark). 2 rm small rings within.

Excavated in New Boston, New Hampshire (1 of 2 found together).
The RJ Silverstein Collection.











 

1800-1825 Massachusetts Militia Artillery Unit

Color: A Deep Brown with Clay Red Highlights.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece Brass.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: MS 18: RV 40
Tice's Number: MSO 34
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair Planchet Casting, Poor High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: Massachusetts purchased these buttons from American manufacturers in Boston during the early 1800's. The button's pattern depicts a an old style cannon in the center pointing left. The cannon's carriage extends to the wheel axel, and shows five carriage bolts. On the right hand side behind the cannon is a raised flag with a motif of a small standing indian within a circle. There is a pile of cannon balls stacked with a gaming sponge in front of the cannon. The state's name, " MASSACHUSETTS" is in an arc along the top legend, and the word, "ARTILLERY" is written below in a semicircle. There appears to have been a number of manufacturers that produced this pattern in the US and England. Collectors usually seek A.M PEASLEY. Recently there was a 6-8 found in New Boston New Hampshire.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight and intact. Sixteen raised asterisk type stars encircle in a depressed channel (A.M. PEASLY BOSTON'S back mark). 2 rm small rings within.

Excavated in New Boston, New Hampshire (2 of 2 found together).
The RJ Silverstein Collection.









 

Maine Infantry Militia

Maine is both the most northern, and eastern state in the United States. The Atlantic Ocean lies on it's eastern border, with the state of New Hampshire to the West, and Canadian provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick to the north. Some historians believe that it's name comes from the mariner Jargon, who would differentiate the "mainland" from the myriad of islands off the Atlantic Coast. The first European settlement was in 1604, by Pierre Dugua on Saint Croix Island. Then two Jesuit missions were established by the French some 10-12 years later. The first English settlement was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, but unfortunately due to the rugged climate, and the constant conflicts with the local natives, the English Popham Colony was short lived. A number of colonies eventually sprung up along the coast line in the 1620's, but most of them were also short lived due to the same underlining reasons. The few sparsely populated settlements that did survive in that rugged region accepted control by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In the beginning, the Massachusetts's "Puritan" social and ethical convictions were welcomed by Maine colonists, and by 1652 it was a way of life for people. Then for the next hundred and fifty years, Massachusetts and Maine were as one in embodiment under the "Commonwealth of Massachusetts". Maine had a scarce population, and relied upon Massachusetts's Militia for help if need be. Then a combination of events in the early 1800's caused Maine to look toward secession from the Commonwealth. First was a long standing disagreements over land speculations and settlements in 1807. This caused the first attempt for Maine to secede from Massachusetts by vote, but it failed. Then it wasn't until the War of 1812, when it came to a head once more. Massachusetts's Pro-British merchants opposed the war, and it's militia refused to defend Maine against the British invaders. By 1819, Massachusetts agreed for Maine to secede if voters called for it. They won the vote, and finally seceded from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1820. Later that year, Maine was admitted to the "Union" as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Also in 1820, the State of Maine Legislature convened, and immediately adopted their own State of Arms. This design shows a shield emblazoned with a stately White Pine with a Moose below. A husbandman is resting on a scythe representing agriculture is on one side of the shield, and the other side has a seaman leaning on an anchor. A crest above contains the North Star which was taken from the Massachusetts's seal. Maine's motto, "Diringo" which means, "I Direct" is symbolic of Maine helping mariners find there way alludes to the North Star. By the early 1820-30's, Maine began to organize more of their own volunteer militia companies. Even with the War of 1812 ending a short time ago, these new volunteers unfortunately had little or no military field experience. By 1851, they undergone a reorganization to a uniformed volunteer militia. Still mostly ceremonial at this point, but growing in numbers. By 1861, there were thirty five Volunteer companies in three military divisions. With the onset of the Civil War, Maine was able raise 15 regiments of infantry, a cavalry regiment, and five light artillery batteries. Early Maine Militia buttons only used Maine's State of Arms "North Star" symbol as their button main pattern. Not the complete State of Arms symbol. Several variations of the North Stars emerged, some with lines, some with beveled edges, some with ropes, and some florals within. These were all one-piece buttons in various metals. In 1856, the Legislature changed the militia's North Star pattern to the complete Maine State of Arms symbol, which includes the North Star. Scovill produced the first examples in 1857, and by 1861 they were a standard for all Maine troops.













 

1820-30's Maine Militia

Color: A Mixed Chocolate.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 21mm.
Albert's Number: ME 4-A: RV 4
Tice's Number: ME 100A.2 Variation
Variation: 11mm Beveled Star.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Depending on the manufacturer, there is 18 known variations of this pattern used by Maine's Militia. The reason for the wide spread amount of variants might be because they outfitters applied them onto headgear as well as coats. Maine took the symbol of the North Star from the Massachusetts's Militia Coat of Arms when they broke away and became independent. This button's pattern depicts a large raised beveled five-pointed star in the center of a lined field. This is encircled by a ring of 17 small 5 pointed stars. There is a small thin raised edge border. Great button for collectors because of the wide number of pattern variations, and available specimens.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original straight, and intact. LONDON RICH QUALITD dm ring/inner ring of 8 five pointed stars.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.












 

1820-23 Maine Militia

Color: A Mustard Green.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Wash Copper.
Size: 23.17mm.
Albert's Number: ME 4-C: RV 8
Tice's Number: ME 100F.5 Variation
Variation: 5 Point Star with Alternating Lines.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There is a lot of die variants for just this specific pattern, some even have a rope border. Maine took the symbol of the North Star from the Massachusetts's Militia Coat of Arms when they broke away and became independent. This button's pattern depicts a large raised beveled five-pointed star on a flat plain field. The star's arms have alternating lines to a flat side. There is a small thin raised edge border, but the right hand side extra thickness for easier thumb buttoning. Collectors should seek this scarce die variant with any back mark. This pattern is great button for collectors because of the wide number of patterns and sub-variations, and available specimens.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original straight, and intact. No back mark.

Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820, Aaron Peasley out of Boston made this button for three years, from 1820-23.
The RJ Silverstein Collection.
















 

1830's Maine Militia

Color: A Mixed Chocolate.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 21mm.
Albert's Number: ME4E: RV 6
Tice's Number: ME 100E.3 Variation
Variation: 11mm Beveled Star.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Depending on the manufacturer, there is 18 known variations of this pattern used by Maine's Militia. The reason for the wide spread amount of variants might be because they outfitters applied them onto headgear as well as coats. Maine took the symbol of the North Star from the Massachusetts's Militia Coat of Arms when they broke away and became independent. This button's pattern depicts a large raised beveled five-pointed star within a raised concentric ring. Outside of the ring is 20 five pointed stars circling around the buttons perimeter. There is a small thin raised outside edge border to give a channel look for the stars. This is a great button for collectors because of the wide number of pattern variations, and available specimens.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original straight, and intact. R & W ROBINSON. ATTLEBOROUGH./RICH.*.*EXTRA.*.*.* Outside double rm ring with two other inner rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.












 

1846-60 Maine Militia Officer's Button

Color: A Golden Brass Yellow.
Metal: 3-Piece, High Convex, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 14.7mm. Hat or sleeve size
Albert's Number: ME 1: RV 5
Tice's Number: ME200As.2
Variation: Star with Raised Center.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This would be the earliest known manufacturer's pattern.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a three-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is missing. * CULLEN BROWN/DETROIT. 2 inner dm rings.

The Picture is Courteous of H. Ridgeway.

Missouri Infantry Militia

1860 Missouri's Militia Infantry Officer's Button

Color: Whitewash Gold.
Metal: 3-Piece, High Convex, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 22.3mm.
Albert's Number: MO 1-A: RV 10
Tice's Number: MO200A.1
Variation: 12 Stars above Eagle / Helmet Has 6 Bars / Wavy Line Under Crescent.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The back mark indicates that this button was manufactured by Scovills in the early 1860's, but used the original die variant. This button was intended for the Missouri Militia officers who generally sided with the North, but were known to serve both sides. The button's pattern depicts the Missouri State Seal of a split shield symbolizing that the State and Federal government have separate functions, but are united as one. Within the shield is an eagle on one side with 12 five-pointed stars above. The other side has a crescent moon on a horizontal lined field with a wavy line underneath. Beneath the wavy line is a walking bear on a vertical lined field. Encircling the design is the motto in raised capital letters, UNITED WE STAND DIVIDED WE FALL. Surmounting the top of the shield is a helmet with Six bars. Flanking each side of the shield is two large standing Grizzly Bears. Underneath in the legend is a scroll with the Latin saying, "Salus Populi supema Lex Esto", which means, "Let the good of the people be the supreme law". The whole raised pattern is set upon a high convex lined field with a 3-piece false rim. This particular die variant was used prior to 1860, and then was re-introduced with a later back mark for the Civil War years.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a three-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. SCOVILL MF'G CO, / WATERBURY small depressed letters within 2 rings of dots.

The Picture is Courteous of H. Ridgeway.










 

1850 Missouri's Militia Infantry Officer's Button

Color: Antique Gold.
Metal: 3-Piece, High Convex, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 22.3mm.
Albert's Number: MO 2: RV 10
Tice's Number: MO205A.1/ Tice PG 71 back marks.
Variation: No Stars above Eagle / Divider Under Crescent is an Arc.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The back mark indicates that this button was manufactured by Scovills in the early 1850's. Intended for Missouri Militia officers who generally sided with the North, but were known to serve both sides during the Civil War. This early button's pattern depicts the Missouri State Seal of a split shield which symbolizes the State and Federal government are separate in their duties, but are united as one. In this variant, the one side of the shield has a spread eagle on a plain field with no stars above. The other side has a crescent moon on a horizontal lined field with an arc divider underneath. Beneath the divider is a smaller bear on a vertical lined field. Encircling the design is the motto in raised capital letters, UNITED WE STAND DIVIDED WE FALL. Surmounting the top of the shield is a helmet with Six bars. Flanking each side of the shield is two large standing Grizzly Bears. Underneath in the legend is a scroll with the Latin saying, "Salus Populi supema Lex Esto", which means, "Let the good of the people be the supreme law". The whole raised pattern is set upon a high convex lined field with a 3-piece false rim.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a three-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. SCOVILL MG CO/WATERBURY dm.








 

New Hampshire Infantry Units

1850's New Hampshire Militia Infantry Unit

Color: Crisp Brass With Light Golden Brown Undertones.
Metal: Convex, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: NH 6: RV 5
Tice's Number: NH 200 A.2
Variation: New=Hampshire / Double Hyphen / Slanting Foremast Touches E / Sun Short Radiating Lines.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: Even though manufactured earlier, this button was the standard Civil War button for New Hampshire Infantry units. This was first used in 1855, by the Battalion of Amoskeag of Manchester, N.H. Since most large manufacturers produced this pattern, there appears to be more then 5 or 6 variations for the coat size, and several different ones in the cuff size. There are quite a few differences depicted for the State of Arms. Anything from the use of a hyphen, to the building depicted, the size of the sun, the angle and position of the boat's foremast, and the position of the flag. This button's pattern depicts New Hampshire's State of Arms on a lined field. Arced in the legend above, is the states name, "NEW=HAMPSHIRE" in all capital letters, and this die variant uses a Double Hyphen. The boat's Slanting Foremast Touches the Tip of the,"E" in the word NEW. The boat's flag is shown at half mast gently blowing. There is a small Sun, with Short Radiating Lines. In the legend below is the abbreviation for volunteer,"VOL." which is followed by an abbreviated dot, and then the word, "MILITIA". The high relief pattern is set on a convex lined field with a thin edge border. This is a strong collector's favorite because of all the variations.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a 2-Piece button with a loop shank. . SCOVILL MF'G. CO. /. WATERBURY. rmdc on a stippled background. (ScovillM250)

The RJ Silverstein Collection.






 

1850's New Hampshire Militia Infantry Unit

Color: Crisp Brass With Light Golden Brown Undertones.
Metal: Convex, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Copper.
Size: 14mm.
Albert's Number: NH 6: RV 5
Tice's Number: NH 200 AS.3
Variation: New=Hampshire / Double Hyphen / VM for Volunteer Militia / Slanting Foremast Points toward the hyphen / Sun Short Radiating Lines.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This button was probably made by Steele and Johnson in 1860's. This button's pattern is a crude depiction of New Hampshire's State of Arms on a copper face. Circling around the upper half of the legend is the states name, "NEW=HAMPSHIRE" in all capital letters; and uses a Double Hyphen in-between the words. Circling around the lower legend, is the initials, "V.M.", for Volunteer Militia. Separating the states name, and bottom legend's inscription is Two Five Pointed Stars. There is a small boat floating on gentle waters, and the Slanting Foremast is pointing toward the, "Hyphen" in-between the states name. In this die variant, the main mast is in the ship's center, and the boat's flag is gently blowing in the wind. This die variant shows a very Small Cabin Type Building, with three individuals outside. There is a small sun, with short radiating lines. The high relief pattern is set on a convex field with a thin edge border. These cuff buttons are a nice variation to the coat examples.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a 2-Piece button with a loop shank. Blank back mark (BlankNorth 04) dm inner ring.

Picture Courteous of Harry Ridgeway.









 

1855-60's New Hampshire Militia Infantry Unit

Color: Golden Brass With Green Encrustations.
Metal: Convex, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: NH 6: RV 5
Tice's Number: NH 200 C.1
Variation: Double Hyphen / Vol: is Followed By Colon / Two Five Pointed Stars / Slanting Foremast is Found Between the E & W / Flat Roof that Resembles a Wharf.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong / Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: Even though manufactured prior to the Civil War, this button was the standard for New Hampshire Infantry units. This was first used in 1855, by the Battalion of Amoskeag of Manchester, N.H. Since most large manufacturers produced this pattern, there appears to be more then 5 or 6 variations for the coat size, and several different ones in the cuff size. There are quite a few differences depicted for the State of Arms. Anything from the use of a hyphen, to the building depicted, the size of the sun, the angle and position of the boat's foremast, and the position of the flag. This button's pattern depicts New Hampshire's State of Arms on a lined field. Arced in the legend above is the states name, "NEW=HAMPSHIRE" in all capital letters, and uses a Double Hyphen in-between the words. In the lower legend, the abbreviation for volunteer, "VOL:" is followed Colon, and then the word, "MILITIA". Separating the states name, and bottom legend's inscription is Two Five Pointed Stars. The boat in this variant is floating on calm waters, and the Slanting Foremast is found between the,"E" and the, "W" in the word NEW. In this variant, the boat's flag is blowing gently in the wind. The building in this die variant has a Flat Roof that Resembles a Wharf. There is a small sun, with short radiating lines. The high relief pattern is set on a convex field with a thin edge border. This is a strong collector's favorite because of all the variations.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a 2-Piece button with a loop shank. D.EVANS & CO ATTLEBORO. MASS dm in ribbon reading clockwise, flower at bottom (Evans07)










 

1850's New Hampshire Militia Infantry Unit

Color:
Metal: High Convex, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 15mm.
Albert's Number: Similar to NH 6: Unlisted back mark Variant RV 25
Tice's Number: NH 200 UNCL-C.1
Variation: Single Hyphen / Vol: is Followed By Colon / Two Five Pointed Stars / Slanting Foremast is Found Between the E & W / Flat Roof that Resembles a Wharf.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong / Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This would be the hardest Die Variant to find for a collector. Unlike other specimens, there are no people in the foreground or building. Circling around the upper half of the legend is the states name, "NEW-HAMPSHIRE" in all capital letters. This variant only uses a Single Hyphen in-between the words. Circling around the lower legend is the abbreviation for volunteer,"VOL:" which is followed Colon, and then the word, "MILITIA". Separating the states name, and bottom legend's inscription is Two Five Pointed Stars. The boat is shown on calm waters, and the Slanting Foremast is touching the, "E" in the word NEW. The main is toward the center of the boat, and the flag is hanging downward lightly blowing. There is a small sun, with short & long radiating lines. The high relief pattern is set on a convex field with a thin edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a 2-Piece button with a loop shank. D.EVANS & CO

The RJ Silverstein Collection.











 

1855-60's New Hampshire Militia Infantry Unit

Color: Golden Brass With Brown Highlights.
Metal: Convex, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: NH 6: RV 5
Tice's Number: NH 200 D.1
Variation: Raised Center Field / Wide Lined Border / Two Five Pointed Stars / Slanting Foremast is Found Between the N & E / Flat Roof Resembles a Wharf.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This button's pattern is on a slightly Raised Center Field, that is partially stippled and lined. The button uses a Wide Lined Border for the legend inscription. Arced halfway around the upper portion of the legend is the states name, "NEW HAMPSHIRE" in all capital letters. (This die variant does not use a hyphen). Circling the lower half of the legend, the abbreviation for volunteer,"VOL." which is followed by a dot, and then the word, "MILITIA". Separating the states name, and bottom legend's inscription is Two Five Pointed Stars. The boat depicted is floating on calm waters, and the Slanting Foremast is found between the,"N" and the, "E"in the word NEW. The boat's flag is blowing in the wind. The building in this die variant shows a Flat Roof that Resembles a Wharf. There is a small sun, with medium radiating lines. The high relief pattern is set on a convex field with a thin edge border. This is a strong collector's favorite because of all the known die variants.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a 2-Piece button with a loop shank. D.EVANS & CO ATTLEBORO. MASS dm in ribbon reading clockwise, flower at bottom (Evans07)







 

1860's New Hampshire Militia Infantry Unit

Color: Golden Brass With green Encrustations.
Metal: Convex, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Copper.
Size: 22.5mm.
Albert's Number: NH 6: RV 5
Tice's Number: NH 200 E.1
Variation: Double Hyphen / Two Five Pointed Stars / Slanting Foremast is pointing Toward the W / Small Cabin Type Bulding.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: This button was probably made by Steele and Johnson in 1860's. This button's pattern is a crude depiction of New Hampshire's State of Arms on a copper face. Circling around the upper half of the legend is the states name, "NEW=HAMPSHIRE" in all capital letters; and uses a Double Hyphen in-between the words. Circling around the lower legend, the abbreviation for volunteer,"VOL:" which is followed Colon; and then the word, "MILITIA". Separating the states name, and bottom legend's inscription is Two Five Pointed Stars. The boat in this variant is floating on gentle waters, and the Slanting Foremast is pointing toward the, "W" in the word NEW. In this die variant, the main mast is located near the ship's center, and the boat's flag is gently blowing in the wind. This die variant shows a Small Cabin Type Building. There is a small sun, with short & long radiating lines. The high relief pattern is set on a convex field with a thin edge border. This is a strong collector's favorite because of all the variations.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a 2-Piece button with a loop shank. Blank back mark (BlankNorth 04) dm inner ring.











 

1860 New Hampshire Militia Infantry Unit-Officer's Button

Color: A Deep Yellow Brass
Metal: High Convex, 3-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 24mm.
Albert's Number: Not Listed Variant:
Tice's Number: NH 210: Unlisted back mark
Variation: Coat of Arms / 13 Stars Below /
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: Civil War examples of this particular pattern are scarce. After 1865, they became more common. You would have to have the correct back mark for Pre-War. The button's pattern most likely depicts the frigate, "Raleigh" under sail. There is a radiating sun on the horizon, along with agriculture farmers next to a building on shore. This is representative of the New Hampshire's Coat of Arms on a lined field. Most New Hampshire buttons are variations of this depiction. Above is the states name, New Hampshire" in capital letters, and in the lower legend is 13 five pointed stars. The high relief pattern is set on a high-convex lined field with a false three part rim. These were most likely produced by Steele and Johnson, and intended for staff officers of militia units. This particular back mark dates to 1860. (Extra Q07)
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a false 3-Piece button with a loop shank. EXTRA. /* QUALITY.* dm between channel of dots.












 

New Hampshire Artillery Units

1812-15 New Hampshire Militia Artillery Unit

Color: Antique Brass With Silver Highlights.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 24mm.
Albert's Number: NH 3: RV 45
Tice's Number: NH100A.1
Variation: Old Style Ringed Cannon with a Large Breech / Six Cannon Balls / Unmarked Flag.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: AM Peasley of Boston took the design from the Continental Artillery buttons in the American Revolution. We know that in 1815 these were used by soldiers in the Battle of New Orleans because of a recovered specimen. The button's pattern depicts an Old Style Ringed Cannon with a Large Breech. There is a pile of Six Cannon Balls stacked in a pyramid in front, and an Unmarked Flag behind the cannon. Circling around the edge is, "NEW HAMPSHIRE ARTILLERY" in large Roman Font Capital Letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field. This is a rare specimen, un-dug are extremely rare to come upon. Collectors should seek any specimen available.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight and intact. GILT LONDON rm WREATH. Over stamp LONDON..

Jim Dew's Keemakoo Collection.











 

1812-15 New Hampshire Militia Artillery Unit

Color: Antique Brass With Silver Highlights.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 24mm.
Albert's Number: NH 3: RV 45
Tice's Number: NH100A.1
Variation: Old Style Ringed Cannon with a Large Breech / Six Cannon Balls / Unmarked Flag.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Fair High Relief Pattern.
Robert's Notes: AM Peasley of Boston took the design from the Continental Artillery buttons in the American Revolution. We know that in 1815 these were used by soldiers in the Battle of New Orleans because of a recovered specimen. The button's pattern depicts an Old Style Ringed Cannon with a Large Breech. There is a pile of Six Cannon Balls stacked in a pyramid in front, and an Unmarked Flag behind the cannon. Circling around the edge is, "NEW HAMPSHIRE ARTILLERY" in large Roman Font Capital Letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field. This is a rare specimen, un-dug are extremely rare to come upon. Collectors should seek any specimen available.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight and intact. GILT LONDON rm WREATH. Over stamp LONDON..











 

New York Militia Infantry

In the pre-colonial era, New York City and it's surrounding areas were inhabited by the various bands of the Algonquin Indian tribes. The actual first visit to New York by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano. He was a Florentine explorer in the service of the French Crown. He sailed his ship, "La Dauphine" into upper New York harbor, where he spent one night aboard his ship, and then sailed out the next day. Giovanni claimed the land for France, and named it, "Nouvelle Angouleme". The following year in January of 1525, a Portuguese sailor who was commissioned by the emperor of Spain entered New York Harbor, and chartered the mouth of the Hudson River. He named it Rio de San Antonio. He would have sailed down the Hudson River, but the heavy ice kept him from exploring any further. New York remained for the most part untouched by the rest of the world until 1609, when an English explorer named Henry Hudson sailed his boat the Halve Maen (Half Moon) into NY harbor, and re-discovered the region. Hudson was commissioned by the Dutch East India Company to find a faster trade route to the Orient (Northwestern passageway). He sailed up the Hudson River for 10 days ( as far as Albany) thinking it could be a passageway, but then turned around when he realized the river was no longer salty and narrowed. A few more years passed, and then in 1614 the Dutch founded a fur trading settlement on the southern tip of Manhattan, which was later called, "New Amsterdam" in 1625. The Dutch West India Company was then chartered in 1621 to settle a new North American colony called,"New Netherlands". This establishment was based on giving large land grants to a handful of quasi-feudal landlords with little or no governing populations; rather then conveying the land to young eager settlers. After a few years, the new settlers of the Dutch Republic established a trading post in 1624. We accredit this establishment to what we we would call the "grass roots" of New York. This colony slowly began to populate, and then by 1664, the city and all of it's surroundings came under English control, and was renamed, "New York". Fearing bloodshed, Peter Stuyvesant who was the Director-Generalof the colony of New Netherlands surrendered New Amsterdam to King Charles of England who in-turn granted the lands to his brother, The Duke of York. While under British rule, NY became one of the most important trading ports throughout the world. By 1730, it became the center of the slave trade, and was just under Charleston South Caroline with more then 42% of all households owning slaves. By 1776, anti-British sentiments swept through the city, and setting a stage for one of the largest battles of the American Revolution. The Battle of Long Island took place in August 1776, in what we know as modern day Brooklyn. With heavy casualties and being outnumbered, the Americans patriots fled along with sympathizers of the cause. New York quickly became the military and political base of operations in North America for the British Crown. In the next few years, New York became a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who were quick to join the British line for a promise of freedom. In 1777, the Americans were able to contain the british to the city part of the state with a major victory in Saratoga- Lake Champlain/ Hudson River corridor. A State Coat of Arms was adopted in 1777, which shows a river and mountains in-front of a rising sun. The Crest depicts an American Bald Eagle perched on the top of a Terrestrial Globe. A figure of Liberty supports the shield on the left hand side, and Justice is to the right. Beneath the shield is the motto, "Excelsior" which means higher. Many early militia buttons used the Crest of the Eagle on top of the globe, but only a few carried the complete Coat of Arms on their device. By the Civil War, many common buttons sported the state military seal which links the State of New York, and the United States Arms on a shield to symbolize the twin allegiance of her militia. By 1862, the different militia units used variants of the Eagle and Shield Design.










 

1800-15 New York Militia General Use

Color: A Brass Yellow with Brown Details.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 23.10mm.
Albert's Number: NY 9-A:                RV 10
Tice's Number: NY 040-A.1.1
Variation: Eagle with Upraised Wings / Perched on a Terrestrial Globe / Excelsior.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This particular button seems to have at least 6 die variants known. Most are variations are in the depiction of the eagle, and one variant has an "XLI" added to the deign. These early NY state militia buttons were made prior, and during the War of 1812. The button's pattern depicts the an Eagle with Upraised Wings facing right, while Perched on a Terrestrial Globe. The New York motto, "EXCELSIOR" which means higher, is arced in capital letters in the bottom legend. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Blank back.











 

1800-15 New York Militia General Use

Color: Flat Silver Wash.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Wash.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: NY 9-A:           RV 10
Tice's Number: NY 040-D.1
Variation: Eagle with Upraised Wings / Perched on a Terrestrial Globe / Excelsior.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This particular button seems to have at least 6 die variants known. This variant has a subtle difference in the eagle depicted. These early NY state militia buttons were made prior, and during the War of 1812. The button's pattern depicts the an Eagle with Upraised Wings facing right, while Perched on a Terrestrial Globe. The New York motto, "EXCELSIOR" which means higher, is arced in capital letters in the bottom legend. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with an alpha shank. The alpha shank is on a raised plateau-type anvil mark. This was a very unusual pedestal structure. The shank is broken off. (indistinct) EXTRA TREBLE dm.











 

1800-15 New York Militia General Use

Color: Silver with Red Undertone.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silvered Copper.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: NY 9-A- Unlisted Variant: RV 10
Tice's Number: NY 040-C.1.1
Variation: Plain Field.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This particular button seems to have at least 6 die variants known. This die variant is similar, but has small variations in the design of the eagle. The button's pattern depicts the state crest of an eagle perched on a terrestrial globe facing right. The New York motto, "EXCELSIOR" which means higher, is arced in capital letters below. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border. This die variant was also made prior, and during the War of 1812.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Blank back.

Excavated in Upstate New York.~









 

1812-29 New York Militia General Use

Color: Gilded Brass!
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: NY 10: RV 3
Tice's Number: NY 100-A.09
Variation: Excelsior in Legend.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Tice notes that British manufacturers produced large quantities of these button in both gilt and silver finishes before 1830. Some manufacturers even offered hand chasing for an extra charge. The buttons pattern depicts the NY State Arms Crest, which is an eagle facing right while perched on top of a globe. The motto "EXCELSIOR" is written in an arch on the bottom legend. The low-relief pattern is set upon an oval lined field with a wide plain border and thin pipe rope edging.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. LEWIS & TOMES EXTRA RICH rmdc.









 

1812-29 New York Militia General Use

Color: Silver!
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: NY 10: RV 3
Tice's Number: NY100A.22
Variation: Excelsior in Legend.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Tice notes that British manufacturers produced large quantities of these button in both gilt and silver finishes before 1830. The buttons pattern depicts the NY State Arms Crest, which is an eagle facing right while perched on top of a globe. The motto "EXCELSIOR" is written in an arch on the bottom legend. The low-relief pattern is set upon an oval lined field with a wide plain border and thin pipe rope edging.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. SUPERIOR** PLATED** in-between 2 dm rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.










 

1830's New York Militia General Use

Color: Gold!
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: NY 11: RV 5
Tice's Number: NY105A.3
Variation: No Motto.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This New York Militia button was manufactured in Britain during the early 1830's; and is much more scarcer then the variation with the excelsior motto written in the bottom legend. The buttons pattern depicts the NY State Crest, which is an eagle facing right while perched on top of a globe. The low-relief pattern is set upon an oval lined field with a wide plain border and thin pipe rope edging.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. rm LONDON- EXTRA-QUALITY within a set of 2 double Rm rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.












 

1815-30 New York Militia General Use

Color: Dark Silver.
Metal: 1-Piece, Low Convex, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper. (Gilt Specimen Known)
Size: 20.93mm.
Albert's Number: NY 12A.1: RV 5
Tice's Number: NY110A.3
Variation: Eagle on a Globe.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are at least 17 known die variants for this one-piece pattern. British manufacturers produced these silver plated specimens in the early 19th century. The button's raised pattern depicts the Crest of New York on a plain field, with the motto above. The Crest is an eagle perched on top of a terrestrial globe facing right with droop wings. L & T made 2 known die variants with the wings in slightly different positions to the body. The terrestrial globe underneath has raised vertical lines with a thick diagonal pebbled sash. In a ribbon above is the motto, "EXCELSIOR" is in raised capital letters. One end of the ribbon is grasped in the eagle's beak. The whole pattern is set upon a plain convex field with a slightly raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece concave button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. rm LEWIS & TOMES. EXTRA. within a 2 ring channel rm.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.








 

1815-30 New York Militia General Use

Color: A Silvery Brown with A Hint of Green.
Metal: 1-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 21.10mm.
Albert's Number: NY 13A. Unlisted back mark: RV 15
Tice's Number: NY110A.10 Unlisted back mark
Variation: Eagle on a Globe Motto Within A Pebbled Ribbon.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong/Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is another British manufactured silver plated specimen that was made in the early 19th century for NY's State Militia. The button's raised pattern depicts the Crest of New York on a plain convex field, with the motto above. The Crest is an eagle perched on top of a terrestrial globe facing right with droop wings. The terrestrial globe underneath has raised vertical lines with a thick diagonal pebbled sash. In this variant, the motto, "EXCELSIOR" is in a Dotted Ribbon, in raised capital letters. The right end of the ribbon is grasped in the eagle's beak. The whole pattern is set upon a plain convex field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece concave button with a copper loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. rm .* SUPERFINE COLOUR * within a ring rm.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.








 

1835-40's New York Militia General Use

Color: Antique Brass.
Metal: 2-Piece, Low Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass. (Silver Plated Variant)
Size: 20.63mm.
Albert's Number: NY 14: RV 4
Tice's Number: NY200A.1
Variation: Eagle on a Globe.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: As with most NY buttons manufactured during the early Antebellum period, it depicts the New York Crest with the Motto above. This early specimen shows an eagle perched on top of the globe facing right with droop wings. Above the eagle in a ribbon is the motto, "EXCELSIOR" in raised capital letters. The globe underneath has raised vertical lines, and a diagonal pebbled sash. The whole pattern is set on a plain convex field with a slightly raised edge border. This two-piece New York Militia button is much rarer then the earlier one-piece specimens. This can be found in silver-plated examples, and this button is occasionally excavated at early Civil War sites. There is a later die variant in which the eagle's head is turned upward.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. IMPERIAL./STANDd.COLr. within 2 dm rings.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.












 

North Carolina's Infantry Militia

1830-40's North Carolina's Cherokee Indian Nation (Indian Troops)

Color: Brass Yellow.
Metal: 1-Piece, Low Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 22mm.
Albert's Number: Unlisted. Robert's Rating: RV 75
Tice's Number: UM248A.1
Variation: 7 Point Star / Lined Field
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional Pattern in High Relief.
Isabela's Notes: This coat size button has been identified as belonging to the Cherokee Indian Nation who used the seven point star as an emblem in the early 19th century. Later, Cherokee Indians served as Confederate Troops in North Carolina, and wore these earlier manufactured buttons while in service. This button's seven pointed star is very similar to Florida's Cherokee rose six pointed star buttons that was used by both the states militia, and their Indian Troops. The button's pattern depicts a raised seven point star (Cherokee Rose) set on a lined field. Encircling the star is a lined ring milled into a wide border. This high quality button is most likely of English Manufacture, but there is some doubt in my mind because of how the word color is spelled. We do know for a fact that these was made specifically for the Cherokee Nation during the 1830-40's. This button's back mark is also identified as having Confederate Army Indian Troop usage during the Civil War by David F. Johnson in his book, "American Armed Forces 1784-1948". Only a few examples exist, and most known ones have been dug directly from several Civil War battle sites, including ones in Virginia. Collectors should only seek dug specimens since a 1/2 card of unsold buttons was discovered in England, and then sold slowly through e-bay in 2011-12. If you have question about it's authenticity of being American Indian Provenance, then don't buy it. Dug examples usually range around $250-$300. Non Dug British card specimens go for around $100-$200.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. +RICH GOLD + COLOR within a 2 rm channel.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

Robert's Notes: Because of early prejudices, and the distinct living areas of settlers and Cherokee Nation, I highly doubt any Indians volunteered for North Carolina's early militia units pre-civil war. I do believe that by the mid 19th century, tensions eased enough for the confederacy or state government to ask the Cherokees for help during the Civil War. So to emphasize a point on this seven star Cherokee Rose pattern; This button was not especially made for Indian Troops who served for the Confederacy's North Carolina Regiments, it was made many years earlier and used by the Cherokees prior to the Civil War. As I have learned with many Civil War items that were made Prior to the war, they became Civil War items by the virtue of their usage!










 

1830-40's North Carolina's Cherokee Indian Nation (Indian Troops)

Color: Brass Yellow.
Metal: 1-Piece, Low Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 12.5mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted. Robert's Rating: RV 250
Tice's Number: UM248A.1- Undocumented & Unlisted Variant.
Variation: 7 Point Star / Rayed Field
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This extremely rare early button has been identified as belonging to the Cherokee Indian Nation who used the seven point star as an emblem in the early 19th century. Later, Cherokee Indians served as Confederate Troops in North Carolina, and wore these earlier manufactured buttons while in service. This button's seven pointed star is very similar to Florida's Cherokee rose six pointed star buttons that was used by both the states militia, and their Indian Troops. The button's pattern depicts a raised seven point star (Cherokee Rose) set on a rayed field. Encircling the star is a small plain border. This high quality button is most likely of English Manufacture, but there is some doubt in my mind because of how the word color is spelled. We do know for a fact that these was made specifically for the Cherokee Nation during the 1830-40's. This button's back mark is also identified as having Confederate Army Indian Troop usage during the Civil War by David F. Johnson in his book, "American Armed Forces 1784-1948". Only a few examples exist, and most known ones have been dug directly from several Civil War battle sites, including ones in Virginia.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece casting with a concave back and a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. . RICH . COLOR

The RJ Silverstein Collection.


Robert's Notes: Because of early prejudices, and the distinct living areas of settlers and Cherokee Nation, I highly doubt any Indians volunteered for North Carolina's early militia units pre-civil war. I do believe that by the mid 19th century, tensions eased enough for the confederacy or state government to ask the Cherokees for help during the Civil War. So to emphasize a point on this seven star Cherokee Rose pattern; This button was not especially made for Indian Troops who served for the Confederacy's North Carolina Regiments, it was made many years earlier and used by the Cherokees prior to the Civil War. As I have learned with many Civil War items that were made Prior to the war, they became Civil War items by the virtue of their usage!

1860 North Carolina Militia

Color: Gilt Yellow Over Brown.
Metal: 1-Piece, Low Convex, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 21.26mm.
Albert's Number: NC 14-A RV 50
Tice's Number: 233A.1
Variation: Finely Stippled Gilded Field
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button is believed by Civil War collectors to be a well made Confederate local made in the early years of the war. All the buttons were fitted with a non footed shank, showing that they are securely brazed into place. The workmanship of the reverse reflects that these were all lathe turned buttons. .
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

South Carolina Infantry Militia

South Carolina is located in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the East, North Carolina in the north, and the Savannah River to the west with Georgia. The name Carolina takes it's name from Charles I; which is Latin for "Charles land". Originally Spain colonized the coastal areas, but frequent battles between the Native Americans caused the Spanish people to retreat to Florida, Cuba, and Mexico. Then a colony of Carolina was established by British settlers from Barbados; and shortly after in 1670, King Charles gave eight aristocrats a Royal Charter, and they sponsored the first permanent settlement in Charleston. At this point there was no North or South Carolina, it was solely the Province of Carolina. John Locke who was an English philosopher wrote a constitution for the colony that covered topics for land division and social ranking. This caused settlers not to buy land there, and after a time proprietors were forced to lower prices to attract new settlers. The Province of Carolina did not develop as planned because of political reasons, and this caused a split creating two different colonies. In 1719 settlers in South Carolina wanted more political power and seized control from it's proprietors. This rebellion failed, and the King assumed jurisdiction for a short time. Then in 1729, Carolina became two Royal Colonies- North Carolina and South Carolina. Farmers from Virginia moved into North Carolina and grew tobacco and sold timber and tar to the English Navy. Since North Carolina lacked a good harbor, they used Virginia's ports to conduct their trade.
As settlements spread in South Carolina, more Germans and Scotch-Irish moved up from Virginia and traded in deer skin, lumber, and beef. South Carolina farming prospered from the fertility of their Low-Country, and the use of good harbors such as, Charlestown. The Low Country ended up creating and earthworks of dams and canals which irrigated rice fields and indigo plants. Indigo is a blue flowering plant which was used to dye textiles. This became a major commodity crop for South Carolina. Slave labor slowly became an integral part of South Carolina's economic success for farming. By the time of the American Revolution, slaves exceeded the number of Anglo-European colonists. In March of 1776, the colony adopted the first constitution of South Carolina and it became the first Republic in America; and John Rutledge was elected as the first President. After the Battle at Sullivan's Island in 1776, South Carolina approved their Coat of Arms design. It depicts a Palmetto Tree on a seashore, which is suppose to be symbolic of a Revolutionary fort built that was built on Sullivan's Island by Palmetto Trees. At the base of the Palmetto is a broken Oak Tree which symbolizes the British fleet. Twelve Spears are bound to the Palmetto's trunk which represents the other twelve colonies. A band that ties the spears is inscribed in Latin, "Quis Separabit" which means, "Who shall separate". Beneath the oak is another Latin inscription, "Meliorem Lapsa Locavit" which means, "Having fallen, set up better"; which basically means the decline of British control and the ascendance of South Carolina. The state also adopted a motto,"Animis Opibusque Parati" which means, "Prepared in Mind and Resources". (In 1831-32, Gov.Hamilton placed the first order to Scovills with this design and motto in defiance to the Federal Gov. Policy on Tariffs. The states militia used these buttons several years later). In February of 1778, South Carolina became the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. In later years during the Federal Period of 1783-95, politics was split between the Federal elite who supported the central government in Philadelphia, and the large portion of common people who wanted more democracy. As far as foreign affairs, most people supported the French Revolution (1789-95). Charleston was one of the most French influenced cities in America. Leading figures such as Governors Charles Pinckney and William Moultrie backed with money and political support French commercial goals in North America. This pro-French stance ended soon because of the XYZ Affair, and Frances refusal to accept C. Pinckney US Ambassador. By the beginning of 1800, with the increasing value of cotton, ordinary farmers shifted into slave major holders. With the collapse of the cotton prices in the late 1820's and 1830's, South Carolina went into a major economic crises. This was mostly blamed on the Federal Tariffs Laws of 1828 & 32, in which northern tariffs were placed on foreign manufactured goods. In 1832, John Calhoun tried to nullify the Federal Tariff Act but failed because President Andrew Jackson responded to the crises with the threat of force. As the years progressed, festering problems of northern domination and slavery led to another convention in Charleston, and in December of 1860, South Carolina became the first state to leave the Union. Shortly after hostilities commenced when Cadets from the Citadel fired on the Federal ship, "Star of the West" while attempting to supply Fort Sumter.

1790-1800? South Carolina Palmetto Button

Color: A Pewter Grey with Brown Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Plated.
Size: 20mm.
Albert's Number: Unlisted RV 200
Tice's Number: Unlisted
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong Impressions.
Isabela's Notes: This most likely was the first English Palmetto Tree button manufactured. T
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece casting for reverse shank. The original shank is original straight and intact.

The Dale Collection.







 

1775-1780 2nd South Carolina Regiment

Color: Muddy River.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Pewter.
Size: 24.50mm.
Troiani's Number: A2SC.f.: RV 200
Tice's Number: Similar to SC006A.1
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is an extremely rare button, probably only 5-8 known specimens. The button's pattern depicts South Carolina's initials, "SC" above the Arabic number "2". Encompassing the inner pattern is a concentric ring that circles around the edge. The high relief design is set on a plain flat field. Records show this unit organized in Charleston in the summer of 1775, and served there until 1776. and then again in 1780. Consolidated with the 6th Regiment in 1780. Also Served in Savannah and a detachment in Florida.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece casting for reverse shank. The original shank is unfortunately missing. Mold line present.

Excavated by Edisto River, South Carolina.~
The Bill Cross Collection.









 

1775-1780 3rd South Carolina Regiment

Color: Muddy River.
Metal: Slightly Domed, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Pewter.
Size: 24.50mm.
Troiani's Number: A3SC.a
Tice's Number: Similar to SC012A.1
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is another extremely rare Rev War button, most likely under 5 specimens known. The button's pattern depicts South Carolina's initials, "SC" above the Arabic number "3". Encompassing the inner pattern is a concentric ring that circles around the edge. The high relief design is set on a plain slightly domed field. Served in Charleston in 1775-76, and in Savannah, and Southern Highlands. This unit served against the Cherokee Indians in 1776 and also in Florida in 1778. Captured by the British with the fall of Charleston in May of 1780.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece casting for reverse shank. The original shank is original and intact, but bent. Mold line present.

The Robert French Collection.








 

1805-12 South Carolina Palmetto Button

Color: A Forest Green with Brown Highlights.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Pewter.
Size: 23.25mm.
Albert's Number: Unlisted RV 200
Tice's Number: SC033A.1
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This most likely was the first Palmetto Tree button produced. This was made by Raymond Chissey of Charleston in 1808. He advertised in the newspaper he was making these now for the South Carolina local Militia. The button depicts a Palmetto tree in the center with the 1776 date underneath. enircling around the design is 17 Six Pointed Asterisk Type Stars. This is encompassed by a concentric rope-like ring around the edge. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece casting for reverse shank. The original shank is unfortunately missing. Mold line present.

Excavated by Edisto River, South Carolina.~
The Bill Cross Collection.








 

1832-65 South Carolina Nullification & State Militia Button

Color: A Coppery Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Copper (Poss. Brass).
Size: 22.5mm.
Albert's Number: SC1/PC9: RV 50 Isabela: RV 100
Tice's Number: SC 210A.1
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief & Impressed Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: These buttons were originally known as Nullification buttons, or States Rights Buttons. In either 1831 or 1832, Governor Hamilton placed the original order with Scovills for this pattern. Records indicate repeat orders were made for several more years. They were originally purchased as a symbol of political defiance to the US Government's policy on Tariffs for foreign manufactured goods (Federal Tariffs Act) namely, cotton. The buttons were later adopted by the State's Militia. So this is one of those rare buttons that had early political significance, and later went on for military use. A number of examples have been excavated on Civil War Battlefields. The pattern shows the states coat of arms in an oval lined field with a wide plain border with inner and outer rope edging. The outside legend has the State's Motto, "ANIMIS OPIBUSQUE PARATI .S.C." (Meaning Prepared in Mind and Resources).
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button. The original shank is unfortunately missing. *J.M L &W.H. SCOVILL*/EXTRA RICH/No 1" rm within a channel.

Excavated in Charleston, South Carolina 1 of 2 found.~
The Robert J. Silverstein Collection.








 

1832-65 South Carolina Nullification & State Militia Button

Color: A Gilt Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 23mm.
Albert's Number: SC1/PC9: RV 50 Isabela: RV 100
Tice's Number: SC 210A.3
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief & Impressed Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: These buttons were originally known as Nullification buttons, or States Rights Buttons. In either 1831 or 1832, Governor Hamilton placed the original order with Scovills for this pattern. Records indicate repeat orders were made for several more years. They were originally purchased as a symbol of political defiance to the US Government's policy on Tariffs for foreign manufactured goods (Federal Tariffs Act) namely, cotton. The buttons were later adopted by the State's Militia. So this is one of those rare buttons that had early political significance, and later went on for military use. A number of examples have been excavated on Civil War Battlefields. The pattern shows the states coat of arms in an oval lined field with a wide plain border with inner and outer rope edging. The outside legend has the State's Motto, "ANIMIS OPIBUSQUE PARATI .S.C." (Meaning Prepared in Mind and Resources).
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The original shank is original, straight, and intact. Double Best Gilt / Wreath

Excavated in Charleston, South Carolina 2 of 2 found.~
The Dave Gerber Collection.








 

1835-40 Moultrie Guard

Color: Brown & White.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 22.5mm.
Albert's Number: SC 32 (PG 497) RV 100
Tice's Number: SC292A.1
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is a very scarce button even though a card turned up in auction miraculously in the 21st century. All preceding examples were dug on civil war sites. The button's pattern depicts Sergeant William Jasper remounting the South Carolina Flag on Fort Sullivan during the British attack on June 28, 1776.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat two-piece button. The shank is original, straight, and intact. W.H.JONES & CO * / SUPERFINE rmdc

Excavated in Charleston, South Carolina.~
The Dave Gerber Collection.






 

South Carolina Palmetto Tree Officer's Button

Color: Silvery Charcoal Gray.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Solid Silver.
Size: 25mm.
Albert's Number: SC18: RV 50
Tice's Number: SC208A.1
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This rare button has a large Palmetto Tree in the center, with the states initials, "S C" separated on each side of the tree. This high relief design is set upon a speckled field. Jean Battiste Marie Muleur of Sens, France and Agry of Paris made these buttons in a very limited number from Silver Coins. Since the buttons were made from a Silver, Mill marks were added around the rim to prevent shaving off the original Silver Coin. Tice did note that there was a single example dug at a Civil War Campsite, but most are non excavated examples that were probably cherished.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button for the reverse shank. *AGRY*/14Re CASTIGLIONE Mon BOUVET/J-B.M dm between an outer ring of dots and an inner semi circle of dashes with fancy ends.

The Horse Soldier.~

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